虹鳟和硬头鳟早期幼鱼渗透生理及能量平衡的比较研究

在0、5、10、15、20、25和30这7个盐度下比较研究了初始体重分别为(3.55±0.03)g陆封型虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)和(3.57±0.07)g溯河型硬头鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)的渗透压生理及能量平衡。40天的研究显示:(1)随盐度的升高虹鳟和硬头鳟的血清渗透压和离子浓度均升高,且S30组的数值显著高于其余各组(P<0.05);在S15、S20、S25和S30组,虹鳟血清渗透压、离子浓度均显著高于硬头鳟(P<0.05)。(2)虹鳟和硬头鳟分别在S5和S10组的Na+-K+-ATP酶(NKA)和Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATP酶(CMA)活性最低;在S10、S15、S20、S25和S30组,虹鳟的NKA和CMA均显著高于硬头鳟(P<0.05)。(3)虹鳟和硬头鳟分别在S5和S10组的肌肉和鳃组织ATP含量最高;在S10、S15、S20和S25组,硬头鳟ATP均显著高于虹鳟(P<0.05)。(4)虹鳟和硬头鳟分别在S5和S10组的肌肉和鳃组织AMP/ATP和ADP/ATP最低,在S10、S15、S20、S25和S30组,虹鳟AMP/ATP和ADP/ATP均显著高于硬头鳟(P<0.05)。研究结果表明,3.6g左右硬头鳟渗透调节能力强于虹鳟,经过逐渐驯化它们最适生长盐度分别为10和5。     

我国近海中度嗜盐菌的分离筛选及其产酶多样性分析

为了解我国近海中度嗜盐菌系统发育多样性及产酶特性,从天津、山东、江苏、福建、海南等地近海采集样品为研究对象,分离筛选得到108株中度嗜盐菌,其中有26株至少产一种酶。通过对其形态特征、生理生化、16SrRNA基因序列及系统进化树进行分析,将26株菌鉴定为细菌域的Halomonas、Idiomarina、Virgibacillus、Pontibacillus、Oceanobacillus、Halobacillus和Marinilactibacillus属的菌株。它们与相应属的模式菌株16SrRNA基因序列相似性在97%~100%不等,其中有些菌株可能代表不同的分类单元。底物特异性试验表明,分离的26株中度嗜盐菌13株产蛋白酶,19株产淀粉酶,13株产酯酶,4株产纤维素酶。其中6株产3种酶,11株产2种酶。研究结果表明中度嗜盐菌具有系统发育和产酶多样性,同时蕴藏着较多新的微生物类群,为嗜盐微生物资源应用开发提供了参考。     

不同粒径TiO_2颗粒对海洋微藻的毒性效应

本实验以新月菱形藻为受试生物,研究了低浓度不同粒径TiO2颗粒(21nm、60nm和400nm)对海洋微藻生长、抗氧化酶活性(超氧化物歧化酶SOD、过氧化氢酶CAT和过氧化物酶POD)、脂质过氧化产物(MDA)含量的影响,并测定了相应的活性氧自由基(ROS)的含量,初步探讨了TiO2颗粒对海洋微藻的作用机制。结果表明,1mg/L TiO2颗粒对新月菱形藻生长的抑制作用随着粒径的减小而逐渐增强,第48h、72h、96h呈现出显著的纳米效应。TiO2颗粒可以诱导藻细胞内ROS的含量增加,对藻细胞产生氧化胁迫,新月菱形藻的抗氧化酶活性发生应激响应,以清除过量的ROS,但剩余的ROS对藻细胞产生氧化损伤,导致MDA含量升高,并且纳米级TiO2颗粒对新月菱形藻的氧化损伤大于微米级颗粒。在不同粒径TiO2颗粒的胁迫下,藻细胞SOD和CAT活性的响应也存在差异。本研究将为开展人工纳米材料对海洋生态系统影响的潜在风险评估提供科学依据。     

Enzyme Activities and Microbial Communities in Subtropical Forest Soil Aggregates to Ammonium and Nitrate-Nitrogen Additions

A laboratory incubation experiment was established to examine the impacts of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen additions on soil microbial attributes of a subtropical Pinus elliottii forest ecosystem in southern China. Soils were subjected to three different treatments: the control with no nitrogen addition (CK), the ammonium nitrogen addition (NH₄⁺-N), and the nitrate nitrogen addition (NO₃^--N). Samples from bulk and two different size fractions (macroaggregate (>250 μm) and microaggregate (53-250 μm)) were analyzed for soil properties, enzyme activities and microbial communities on day 7 and 15 of the incubation. Our study demonstrated that NH₄⁺-N had a greater influence on soil microbial activities than NO₃^--N. NH₄⁺-N additions resulted in significant increases in β-1,4-glucosidase (βG) and β-1,4-N-acetyl glucosaminidase (NAG) enzyme activities in bulk, macroaggregate and microaggregate soils after 7 and 15 days incubation. NO₃^--N additions only significantly increased in βG and NAG enzyme activities in bulk, macroaggregate soils after 7 and 15 days incubation, but not in microaggregate. All NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N additions resulted in significant increases in gram-positive bacterial PLFAs in microaggregates. Only a significant correlation between soil nutrient contents and enzyme activities in macroaggregates was founded, which suggests that the soil aggregation structure played an important role in the determining enzyme activities.     

不同饵料强化剂对龙虎斑仔稚鱼生长、存活率、消化酶活力及体成分的影响

褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)与卤虫(Artemia franciscana)无节幼体分别以浓缩小球藻、深海鱼油和鱼肝油强化后,投喂龙虎斑(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀×E.lanceolatus♂)仔稚鱼,研究不同强化剂对仔稚鱼生长、存活率、消化酶活力及体成分的影响。结果显示,3种强化剂强化后的生物饵料均可显著提高龙虎斑仔稚鱼的存活率、体长和体质量,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),但对鱼体粗脂肪含量以及肠淀粉酶活力的影响无统计学意义(P0.05)。深海鱼油组仔稚鱼存活率最高,浓缩小球藻可以显著提高胃、肠蛋白酶活性和鱼体粗蛋白含量,各组差异有统计学意义(P0.05),而深海鱼油和鱼肝油可以显著提高肠脂肪酶活性(P0.05)。结果表明,3种强化剂各具优点,均可用于龙虎斑仔稚鱼生物饵料的强化,尤其以深海鱼油提高存活率最显著。     

盐度变化对虹鳟和硬头鳟抗氧化酶活性的影响

本文研究了不同盐度驯化方式下虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss,(99.44±0.26)g(简写为99 g))和两种规格硬头鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss,(99.01±0.61)g(简写为99 g)和(394.50±1.16)g(简写为395 g))的血清抗氧化酶活性变化.实验设置4种盐度驯化方...     

Biochemical response of the mussel Mytilus coruscus (Mytiloida: Mytilidae) exposed to in vivo sub-lethal copper concentrations

Many aquatic organisms are negatively affected by exposure to high copper concentrations.We investigated the biochemical response of the mussel Mytilus coruscus(Mytiloida:Mytilidae) to copper exposure.In vivo bioassays using M.coruscus and different copper concentrations were conducted.The activity of six biomarkers,namely superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),acid phosphatase(ACP),alkaline phosphatase(AKP),glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT) and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase(GPT) were measured.Survival rates decreased with increased copper concentrations and exposure times.The LC50 values at 48,72,and 96 h exposure were 0.48,0.37,and 0.32 mg/L,respectively.Within digestive glands,CAT activity increased with increasing Cu concentrations.The activity of AKP showed no significant change,while the remaining four enzymes showed decreasing activity with increasing Cu concentrations.Within the gills,AKP activity increased when the Cu concentration was 0.05 mg/L,but showed no significant changes at higher concentrations.Activity of CAT and ACP within gills tended to decrease with increasing Cu concentration.The activity of SOD and GPT decreased at an exposure concentration of 0.2 mg/L.GOT activity within gills decreased at 0.1 mg/L and increased at an exposure concentration of 0.2 mg/L.Within the adductor muscle,AKP activity increased at 0.05 mg/L but did not change at higher exposure concentrations.ACP activity within adductor muscle tissue showed no change,while activities of CAT,GOT and GPT decreased with increasing Cu concentrations.SOD activity within the adductor muscle tissue significantly decreased at the 0.02,0.05 and 0.2 mg/L exposure concentrations.Our results show tissue specific differences for the six biomarkers in for M.coruscus.Our findings provide the basis for the establishment of reference activity levels against which biomarker changes can be estimated,and are essential preliminary steps in development of in vivo bioassays.     

土地整理对岩溶区土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及酶活性的影响——以重庆丰都县三坝乡为例

文章以重庆市丰都县三坝乡土地整理项目为例,分别对土地整理前（2012年12月）52个采集点和土地整理后（2013年3月）28个采集点,采用野外采样和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了土地整理对岩溶区土壤微生物群落结构、土壤微生物生物量碳(SMBC)、氮(SMBN)及酶活性(过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶)的影响,结果表明:（1）土地整理对土壤微生物影响显著,土地整理后比整理前土壤中的放线菌数量降低,真菌数量增加。（2）在0～20 cm土层,整理前后SMBC和SMBN含量变化显著,SMBC含量整理后比整理前降低了20.33%,SMBN含量整理后比整理前减少了47.84%;土地整理改变了整理前SMBC、SMBN含量随土层深度变化递减的规律,使SMBC、SMBN含量分别在亚表层（20～40 cm）出现最小值68.34 mg/kg和最大值33.58 mg/kg。（3）整理前后土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶均在0～20 cm和20～40 cm同一土层差异显著,蔗糖酶活性在各土层差异均显著。土地整理使土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性降低,蔗糖酶活性提高。（4）有机质对表层SMBC、SMBN含量和脲酶活性呈显著正相关,pH值与土壤酶活性呈显著正相关。      

低温对豇豆幼苗抗氧化系统的影响

以两个豇豆品种"海豇2号"和"夏宝2号"为材料,研究低温[15℃/10℃,300μmol/(m2·s)]处理对豇豆幼苗叶片抗氧化酶活性和细胞膜过氧化程度的影响。结果表明,低温处理前期两个品种豇豆幼苗叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性均显著提高,丙二醛(MDA)含量逐渐增加。随着低温时间延长,海豇2号豇豆的SOD和POD酶活性有保持平稳趋势,MDA含量增加速率减缓;而夏宝2号豇豆的SOD和POD酶活性则显著下降,MDA含量增加速率有增大趋势。低温胁迫诱导了豇豆幼苗叶片中的抗氧化酶活性增强以清除活性氧自由基,并相应减缓了细胞膜过氧化伤害。随着低温时间延长,抗氧化酶活性受到抑制,过量的活性氧自由基加剧了细胞膜脂过氧化伤害。此外,豇豆幼苗叶片中SOD酶相比POD酶更耐低温,海豇2号豇豆相比夏宝2号豇豆耐低温能力更强。     

经酶修饰和未经酶修饰的鹌鹑红细胞对甲壳动物血清凝集素凝集活性的差异研究

为寻找凝集素作为分子探针提供基础资料,用12种甲壳动物血清抽提液对天然的或经酶修饰的鹌鹑红细胞进行凝集试验。实验结果表明,经蜗牛酶修饰后的鹌鹑红细胞的凝集作用发生了变化,与未经酶处理的鹌鹑红细胞相比,凝集活性提高的有日本沼虾（Macrobrachium nipponense）等7种,凝集活性下降的有罗氏沼虾（Macrobrachium rosenbergi）等2种。凝集素对动物红细胞的凝集可看作是与这些细胞表面的多糖或糖蛋白——即受体的识别性鲒合,这表明鹌鹑红细胞表面具有12种凝集素的受体,且大多数受体都受到酶修饰的影响,从而在凝集活性上表现出差异。