结合波形互相关的双差定位和线性定位在北京西北地区地震活动性研究中的应用

采用2002年-2012年首都圈台网事件目录和2008年12月-2011年11月中国地质科学院地质力学研究所布设的微震台网记录的地震事件目录,分别运用结合波形互相关的双差定位和Geiger定位方法进行精确定位,对北京西北地区的活动地震构造进行了研究.结果表明北京西北地区分布两条NW向地震断裂带和两条NE向地震断裂带及两个地震密集分布区,地震活动密集分布区均位于NE向地震断裂带与NW向地震断裂带相交处及地处山区-平原过渡区,可能是东北旺断裂与南口 — 山前断裂活动的反映.该地区地震震源深度分布范围主要为5～30 km,主要分布在上地壳和中地壳.     

The distribution of Kendall's tau for testing the significance of cross-correlation in persistent data

Abstract

Kendall's tau (τ) has been widely used as a distribution-free measure of cross-correlation between two variables. It has been previously shown that persistence in the two involved variables results in the inflation of the variance of τ. In this paper, the full null distribution of Kendall's τ for persistent data with multivariate Gaussian dependence is derived, and an approximation to the full distribution is proposed. The effect of the deviation from the multivariate Gaussian dependence model on the distribution of τ is also investigated. As a demonstration, the temporal consistency and field significance of the cross-correlation between the North Hemisphere (NH) temperature time series in the period 1850–1995 and a set of 784 NH tree-ring width (TRW) proxies in addition to 105 NH tree-ring maximum latewood density (MXD) proxies are studied. When persistence is ignored, the original Mann-Kendall test gives temporally inconsistent results between the early half (1850–1922) and the late half (1923–1995) of the record. These temporal inconsistencies are largely eliminated when persistence is accounted for, indicating the spuriousness of a large portion of the identified cross-correlations. Furthermore, the use of the modified test in combination with a field significance test that is robust to spatial correlation indicates the absence of field significant cross-correlation in both halves of the record. These results have serious implications for the use of tree-ring data as temperature proxies, and emphasize the importance of utilizing the correct distribution of Kendall's τ in order to avoid the overestimation of the significance of cross-correlation between data that exhibit significant persistence.

Citation Hamed, K. H. (2011) The distribution of Kendall's tau for testing the significance of cross-correlation in persistent data. Hydrol. Sci. J. 56(5), 841–853.     

B) Organisations internationales

Abstract

A modification of Svanidze's fragments method was applied to generate synthetic samples of monthly inflows to the La Angostura and Malpaso dams, located on the Grijalva River, in the state of Chiapas, Mexico. This modification allows generation of the monthly runoff of several dams in a series and preservation of their cross-correlations. Comparing statistics of generated and historical series, a good agreement between them was observed, especially for the autocorrelations between consecutive months and for cross-correlations between both dams, except for slight differences in the standard deviation and the skewness during the dry period.     

Time-series analysis in cyclic stratigraphy: An example from the Cretaceous of the Southern Alps, Italy

The importance of time-series analysis in cyclic stratigraphy is evaluated by comparing three different methods (adaptive multiple taper spectral analysis, auto-/cross-correlation analysis, cova functions) applied to stratigraphic time series from the Early Cretaceous Cismon section in northern Italy. Carbonate content and magnetic susceptibility vary in a quasi-cyclic fashion in this pelagic limestone section and are almost perfectly negatively correlated. The spectral technique requires a high degree of preprocessing of the original data (interpolation and resampling at a regular interval, filtering, inversion) which introduces smoothing and rounding errors. The statistical correlation analysis also requires evenly and (for cross-correlation) correspondingly spaced series. The geostatistical cova functions (a generalization of the cross-variogram) prove to be the most versatile and robust of the methods compared. Cova functions can be calculated from unevenly and noncor-respondingly spaced time series without any preprocessing. This method also retains relatively more of the signal if noise and extreme outliers obscure the picture. The periodicities detected in the Cismon time series fall in the range of Milankovitch cycles. Cycle periods of 45 cm and 80 cm likely correspond to dominant precession and obliquity cycles. Due to the inaccuracy of the Cretaceous time scale periods cannot be matched exactly yet, but cycle ratios are close to expected ratios so that there is great potential for future cyclostratigraphic work to contribute to a substantial improvement of the geologic time scale.     

减小概率成像分辨宽度的一种方法

概率成像方法是利用测量的地面电场与电场扫描函数进行归一化的互相关运算,从而对地下电荷进行定位。为了提高这种方法的分辨率,从而提高对电荷的定位精度,根据正点电荷模型的电位剖面分布,提出了概率成像分辨宽度的概念,根据这个概念,提出了一种减小分辨宽度的方法-功率谱法,即由原先的场函数的归一化互相关运算改为场强平方后的归一化互相关运算。通过对算例的正反演研究,证明了确实是一种较好的改进方式。     

Time-lag of the earthquake energy release between three seismic regions

Three complete data sets of strong earthquakes (M5.5), which occurred in the seismic regions of Chile, Mexico and Kamchatka during the time period 1899–1985, have been used to test the existence of a time-lag in the seismic energy release between these regions. These data sets were cross-correlated in order to determine whether any pair of the sets are correlated. For this purpose statistical tests, such as theT-test, the Fisher's transformation and probability distribution have been applied to determine the significance of the obtained correlation coefficients. The results show that the time-lag between Chile and Kamchatka is –2, which means that Kamchatka precedes Chile by 2 years, with a correlation coefficient significant at 99.80% level, a weak correlation between Kamchatka-Mexico and noncorrelation for Mexico-Chile.     

涌浪静校正技术在海洋单道地震资料处理中的应用

分析了海洋地质调查单道地震资料中存在的同相轴跳动、记录延时、记录提前等问题，指出浪涌是造成同相轴跳动的重要原因，提出利用涌浪静校正技术解决问题的思路，即利用互相关统计法，计算涌浪对每道造成的时移量，作为静校正量，以消除地震剖面上同相轴抖动现象。根据涌浪静校正的原理将地层分为3类：平滑型、起伏型和崎岖型，针对不同类型地质条件进行了关键参数的试验。结果表明，对于平滑型、起伏型地层互相关统计法有良好的效果；对于崎岖型，效果较差，需要慎重使用和选取处理参数。笔者给出关键参数的选取原则和应用静校正技术中应注意的事项。     

PIV技术的几种实现方法

PIV技术是一种基于流场图像互相关分析的二维流场非接触式测试技术。在介绍利用Fourier变换的互相关特性及其快速算法实现PIV技术的基础上,介绍了可提高分析效率的实序列Fourier变换的实现方法,并进而提出了一种更高效的基于Hartley变换的分析法,给出了分离式内核的Hartley变换互相关特性的明确表达式。从算法复杂性理论与实际分析时间两方面对3种方法进行的比较,充分说明了Hartley变换在PIV技术应用中的优越性。