由地震背景噪声提取介质衰减:衰减介质中的空间相干表示

传统基于地震背景噪声互相关的层析成像技术,主要利用了互相关函数的相位信息,即利用走时来反演地球介质的速度和各向异性特征.最近,开始有研究人员利用互相关函数的振幅信息提取介质的衰减.主要是将二维弹性情形下,互相关函数正比于第一类零阶贝塞尔函数J_0(k_0r)这一结论,通过引入指数衰减系数,直接推广到衰减介质情形,令衰减介质中背景噪声互相关函数类比于J_0(k_0r)·e~(-α(ω)r),以此来反演介质的衰减系数α.然而,在衰减介质中,互相关受源的方位平均的影响,这种简单的推广,可能无法提取可靠的衰减系数.本文基于平面波的叠加模型,研究不同的互相关定义和坐标选择下,衰减介质中两点间互相关函数的理论表达式.结果表明,在平面波叠加模型下,互相关函数的表达形式随着坐标原点的选择,并因而随着源分布的变化而变化,对不同的归一化因子,表达式也不尽相同.利用J_0(k_0r)·e~(-α(ω)r)的形式拟合背景噪声的观测数据得到的衰减比实际值偏小.     

去均值归一化互相关最小二乘逆时偏移及其应用

最小二乘逆时偏移相对于常规逆时偏移具有更高的成像分辨率、振幅保幅性及均衡性等优势,在一定程度上可满足岩性油气藏勘探的需求,是目前研究的热点之一.然而由于实际地下介质的黏滞性和变密度,以及无法准确地估计震源子波等,基于振幅匹配的常规最小二乘逆时偏移算法很难在实际资料处理中取得好的效果.此外,实际数据常包含大量噪声,进一步限制了常规算法的应用.为此,本文通过修改目标泛函,提出了去均值归一化的互相关最小二乘逆时偏移算法,并给出了陆上资料的应用实例.研究表明,归一化策略减弱了算法对子波能量的苛求;互相关算法强调相位匹配,进一步弱化了子波的影响,提升了算法的稳定性和可靠性;去均值思想在处理低信噪比资料方面有较大优势.理论模型和陆上实际资料处理都验证了本算法的有效性和对复杂模型的适应性.     

RESTUDY ON HYPOCENTRAL LOCATION AND SEISMOGENIC TECTONIC OF THE JIUJIANG-RUICHANG MS5.7 EARTHQUAKE SEQUENCE,JIANGXI PROVINCE

We collected seismic records of 228 M_L≥1.0 Jiujiang-Ruichang M_S5.7 earthquake sequence from Dec.26, 2005 to Jun. 30, 2006. By using double-difference method combined with waveform cross-correlation, those earthquakes were relocated and finally the accurate source parameters of 224 earthquakes were obtained. The errors are about 0. 5km in horizontal and less than 2km in vertical direction, respectively. It was found that the depth of earthquake sequence concentrates in 8~14km range, and the epicenters are distributed along both NW and NE direction, and dominantly along NW direction. Combined with the focal mechanism, the distribution direction and the tectonic setting, we infer that the rupture of the NW-trending fault caused the M_S5. 7 main shock, and then the rupture probably encountered an asperity and triggered the M_S4. 8 strong aftershock. The NE-trending fault came into a seismically quiet period by stress adjustment in a short time, while the NW-trending fault released stress for a long time which caused a series of aftershocks. The M_S5. 7 main shock is caused by the NW striking Yangjisshan-Wushan-Tongjiangling Fault and the M_S4. 8 aftershock occurred on the NE striking Liujia-Fanjiapu-Chengmenshan Fault.     

Spatial simulation of geologic variables

Analytical formulation of a general simulation model for generation of anisotropic as well as isotropic synthetic patterns in one, two, or three dimensions is proposed. It has significance for the purpose of modeling geologic properties such as ore grades, reservoir porosity, mineral distribution, fracture spacings, aperture, orientations, etc. General procedures for such a simulation by the autoregressive process are given for model parameters estimation and synthetic pattern generation. The model works on the square net basis and generates sequential patterns first along any desired direction for unidimensional simulation and then two-dimensional patterns are constructed with reference to two orthogonal unidimensional sequences. Applications to synthetic two-dimensional pattern are shown for isotropic cases with different model parameters. The extension of the model to three-dimensional space is readily available.     

一种改进后的交叉相关法(COTREC)在降水临近预报中的应用

利用多普勒雷达资料,采用一种改进后的交叉相关法(COTREC)建立了一种降水临近预报方法。COTREC法的基本原理是对传统交叉相关法(TREC)反演的风场进行水平无辐散处理,得到COTREC风场,用新的风场外推得出的回波能够保持平滑连续的形状。但是这种方法也存在缺陷,由于采用水平无辐散限制,使得外推反演得到的风场在不同程度上受到削弱,从而外推后的回波略慢于实况观测的回波。通过引入数值预报平均风场作为TREC风场背景场,较好地解决了TREC风场受到削弱的问题,并用该方法对2007年6月23—24日强雷雨天气和2007年台风“圣帕”两次降水过程进行了预报试验,试验结果表明：采用改进后的交叉相关方法的降水临近预报与雷达实际观测比较一致,可作为台风、强对流等灾害性天气的降水临近预报方法之一。     

2021年云南漾濞MS6.4地震前后主动源观测走时数据的变化

基于2021年5月21日漾濞M_S6.4地震震中附近50 km范围内15个地震观测台站记录的2020年11月1日—2021年5月30日的气枪震源信号,采用互相关时延检测技术提取这15个台站各自稳定震相(Sg震相)的走时变化时间序列,并对漾濞M_S6.4地震前后各台站的走时变化特征进行分析。结果表明:(1)漾濞M_S6.4地震前10天左右,有4个台站走时开始出现异常,其中,Ey211和Ey213台走时呈"V"型变化结构,Ey210和CHT台走时呈上升趋势。(2)漾濞M_S6.4地震后短期内,大部分台站走时出现了明显的趋势性变化,以维西—乔后—巍山断裂为界,断裂带两侧台站走时变化趋势存在明显差异,断裂以东的EYA、HDQ、YSW09台走时呈上升趋势,变化最为显著的为HDQ台,走时差变化量为0.067 s;而断裂带以西的所有台站在漾濞M_S6.4地震当天(或震后1～2天)开始出现明显趋势性下降,走时下降持续时间在4～9天间,走时差变化量在-0.053～-0.201 s间,其中走时差下降量最大为53 285台,最小为CHT台。     

Structural information derived from ambient noise tomography over a hydrocarbon-producing region in the Cachar fold belt,lower Assam,northeast India

Ambient noise tomography is a powerful tool that has found increasing application in reservoir analysis and imaging. The Cachar fold belt in lower Assam, northeast India encompasses several wells under active hydrocarbon production, along with several dry wells. To overcome the lack of active seismic data over the entire fold belt, a passive seismic study was carried out to image the concealed three-dimensional sub-surface structures. The data were recorded from February to November 2011 by a network of 65 wideband seismometers spanning an area of about 40 × 60 km². The data are crosscorrelated in the 2–5 s band, followed by phase-weighted stacking to estimate noise correlation functions with surface wave signatures. The traveltimes picked from the frequency-time analysis are utilized in a tomographic inversion for Rayleigh wave group velocities. The group velocity anomalies have a lateral resolution of ~ 3.5 × 5.5 km² and variations of up to $\pm 20\%$ for each period. The group velocities are in turn inverted for S-wave velocity distribution as a function of depth. The three-dimensional S-wave velocity tomograms reveal the tight anticlines and broad synclines, with high- and low-velocity zones corresponding to structural highs and lows, respectively. The structural interpretation is supported for the part of the region with producing wells and covered by active seismic data, wherein the post-stack time migrated seismic section shows anticlinal and synclinal features similar to those obtained from ambient noise tomography. The structures revealed by ambient noise tomography can help identify zones of interest to be targeted by active seismic surveys in the Cachar fold belt.