INFLUENCE OF PUMPING ON FOUR-COMPONENT BOREHOLE STRAIN AT TAI'AN SEISMIC STATION AND ITS INTERFERENCE MECHANISM

Four-component borehole strainmeter (FCBS) is one kind of high-precision borehole strain observation instruments invented in China. As a kind of near-surface deformation observation instrument, FCBS is also easily disturbed by the external environment factors. As a common factor, pumping has significant influence on FCBS observation. Existing studies mostly identify the pumping interference from the perspective of observation curve morphology, relatively few studies focus on its interference mechanism. In order to truly capture earthquake precursor information, it is necessary to study the interference mechanism. In recent years, RZB-3 type FCBS at Tai'an seismic station has been seriously affected by pumping, so it is necessary and also feasible to study the interference mechanism of pumping. Since the influence of pumping interference on borehole strainmeter is common, this work would be very practical and be used for reference by other borehole strain observation stations. We find that the original observation curves and observed surface strain, shear strain from RZB-3 type FCBS at Tai'an seismic station have the characteristics of synchronous change with the borehole water level, in which the linear correlation coefficient between the two observed shear strain curves and borehole water level reached 0.70 and 0.82 respectively. We further find that the principal strain direction of borehole and borehole water level after normalization meet the nonlinear function as y=1.217arctan(x)^0.224-0.284. The above phenomenon indicates that the observation of RZB-3 type FCBS at Tai'an seismic station is significantly affected by the borehole water level, and the influence is more obvious and the gradient is larger at the stage of low water level. Pumping interference often appears in low water level stage and changes the rock pore pressure state. Statistics show that pumping interference affects the borehole strain state. To investigate the interference mechanism of pumping to RZB-3 type FCBS at Tai'an seismic station, we take a known pumping as an example, in which we study the principal strain state of the borehole in three periods of normal pumping, interruption of pumping and resuming pumping respectively. During each period, we solve 3 parameters of the principal plane strain state, i.e. the maximum principal strain rate, the minimum principal strain rate and the maximum principal strain direction from four observation equations of FCBS by nonlinear iterative least squares algorithm. On the other hand, concentrated load model (CLM) is used to simulate the mechanical mechanism of pumping. Firstly, the depth of FCBS relative to pumping source and the concentrated load at pumping source are inversed, then, the strain state surrounding the pumping well, including the state at RZB-3 borehole, is simulated by forward modeling. By comparing these results, we find that: (1)The concentrated load at pumping source inversed by CLM during periods of normal pumping and resuming pumping are both located at or near the bottom of the pumping well, which is consistent with the actual situation, indicating that mechanism and degree of the influence of pumping on borehole strain are well simulated by CLM. (2)The observed strain state is consistent with the simulation result of pumping interference by forward modeling, indicating that the principal strain state of borehole calculated based on observation of FCBS reflects the true strain state of borehole under different pumping states.(3)The inversed concentrated load at pumping source during pumping periods is significant greater than the load of the pumped water, indicating that the pumping process has more significant influence on the pore pressure of rocks than the load of the pumped water. Even though CLM is an approximate simulation since it's based on some elastic assumptions, the interference mechanism of pumping on RZB-3 type FCBS at Tai'an seismic station is well explained, which is maybe very helpful for studying the influence of pumping interference on other deformation instruments, locating the unknown pumping source and studying the characteristics of pore pressure of rocks.     

滇中城市经济圈可持续发展探讨——基于P-E-R区域匹配模型

承载力分析是对社会可持续发展能力评价的有效指标,朱宝树教授提出的P-E-R区域匹配模型通过相对经济承载力和相对资源承载力的分析可具体考察各区域内人口与经济、资源承载力3者的关系,进而阐释区域社会可持续发展的能力。滇中城市经济圈各地相对经济承载力和相对资源承载力各有不同,因而所存在的可持续发展问题各异。影响滇中城市经济圈可持续发展的问题主要是人口压力大、资源环境承载力脆弱、经济发展滞后、产业支撑力不够等。因此,针对这些影响滇中城市经济圈可持续发展的问题,制定一些合理的相关人口政策和经济政策对滇中城市经济圈的可持续发展是有必要的。     

Stable isotopes of water reveal differences in plant – soil water relationships across northern environments

We compared stable isotopes of water in plant stem (xylem) water and soil collected over a complete growing season from five well-known long-term study sites in northern/cold regions. These spanned a decreasing temperature gradient from Bruntland Burn (Scotland), Dorset (Canadian Shield), Dry Creek (USA), Krycklan (Sweden), to Wolf Creek (northern Canada). Xylem water was isotopically depleted compared to soil waters, most notably for deuterium. The degree to which potential soil water sources could explain the isotopic composition of xylem water was assessed quantitatively using overlapping polygons to enclose respective data sets when plotted in dual isotope space. At most sites isotopes in xylem water from angiosperms showed a strong overlap with soil water; this was not the case for gymnosperms. In most cases, xylem water composition on a given sampling day could be better explained if soil water composition was considered over longer antecedent periods spanning many months. Xylem water at most sites was usually most dissimilar to soil water in drier summer months, although sites differed in the sequence of change. Open questions remain on why a significant proportion of isotopically depleted water in plant xylem cannot be explained by soil water sources, particularly for gymnosperms. It is recommended that future research focuses on the potential for fractionation to affect water uptake at the soil-root interface, both through effects of exchange between the vapour and liquid phases of soil water and the effects of mycorrhizal interactions. Additionally, in cold regions, evaporation and diffusion of xylem water in winter may be an important process.     

考虑基桩差异性及桩土共同工作的桩基承台梁内力分析

传统承台梁计算方法采用倒置的连续梁进行简化计算,未能考虑基桩承载力差异对承台梁内力的影响及梁下土体对荷载的分担作用,同时也难以模拟梁下土体的连续性及应力-应变的扩散。引入荷载传递法计算基桩刚度,提出一种对基底反力能进行自动调整的梁底反力计算方法,并结合Newmark计算原理,给出了能考虑基桩承载力差异、梁身截面变化及梁下地基土体塑性变形的承台梁内力分析方法。最后,结合某工程实例,对各种计算方法进行了分析比较,结果表明本文方法更符合桩基承台梁的实际受力状况。     

侧向水平进水孔口立轴旋涡的试验研究

通过自制模型对侧向水平孔口的立轴旋涡进行基础试验研究。使用有色颜料追踪旋涡表面的质点运动,观测到其轨迹线为多圈螺旋流,并根据这一特性采用摄像法和图形处理技术对时均速度进行测量,与理论结果对比证明这种简单经济的方法是可行的。通过改变试验装置分析来流方向对旋涡的影响,表明进口轴线与来流方向之间的夹角过大是形成立轴旋涡的诱因之一。根据试验结果得出不同来流方向的临界淹没水深计算公式,并对公式进行推广,可作为设计时的参考依据。     

土壤中微塑料的吸附迁移及老化作用对污染物环境行为的影响研究进展

由于塑料制品大量使用和不当处置,环境中微塑料(尤其是纳米塑料)的地球化学行为已成为全球关注的热点问题。团聚效应是控制纳米塑料地球化学行为的重要因素。自然界中纳米塑料大小不一,然而已有的研究结果对于纳米塑料尺寸与团聚效应的关联性还存在一定矛盾。为揭示不同尺寸纳米塑料的团聚行为及影响作用机制,本文以50nm、100nm、200nm聚苯乙烯纳米塑料(PS50、PS100、PS200)为研究对象,利用动态光散射技术实时监测不同pH(3.0～10.0)及NaCl溶液(浓度0～800mmol/L)中纳米塑料的Zeta电位(ζ 电位)和水动力直径,并通过理论计算得到三种粒径纳米塑料的临界团聚浓度(CCC)和总相互作用能。PS50、PS100和PS200去离子水中的初始ζ电位分别为−35.2mV、−35.1mV和−38.2mV,高的表面负电荷使其在水中保持分散。离子强度增加引起的电荷屏蔽效应促进了纳米塑料的团聚,PS50、PS100、PS200在NaCl溶液中CCC值分别为325mmol/L、296mmol/L、264mmol/L,表明初始ζ电位值接近时,粒径越小的纳米塑料越稳定,能够在环境中较长时间地迁移。随着pH从酸性增加至碱性,纳米塑料表面酸性官能团发生去质子化,负电荷增多,导致其团聚行为受到抑制。当pH=7时,即使是在较高离子强度下(400mmol/L NaCl),PS100 和 PS200基本恢复稳定,但 PS50 仍发生快速团聚,可能因为在此条 件下 PS50 的 ζ 电位仍较小(−19.3mV)。通过回归分析可知,三种尺寸纳米塑料的团聚行为与ζ电位密切相关(r²为0.70～0.88)。因此在实际应用中,需要综合考虑溶液pH、离子强度以及纳米塑料自身尺寸等容易影响ζ电位的因素,以更精准地预测和评估纳米塑料在自然环境中的地球化学行为。

     

淮南矿区地应力场特征

利用空心包体地应力测量方法对淮南矿区的地应力进行了实测,获得了矿区的地应力场分布特征。研究表明,所有测点的两个主应力近水平,一个主应力近垂直。垂直主应力与上覆岩体的重力具有良好的相关性;水平主应力随深度的增加而增加,不同区域增加的梯度不同;最大水平主应力与最小水平主应力的比值与测点深度没有明显的关系,50%以上测点的水平主应力差异显著;最大水平主应力作用方位为北东向,局部受构造等影响,水平主应力发生变化。总体上,淮南矿区受北东向的挤压应力作用。根据3个主应力量值的关系,确定淮南矿区地应力场类型属大地动力场型和准静水应力场型。地应力场的以上特征对淮南矿区煤与瓦斯突出的发生具有重要作用,提出了在进行瓦斯抽放钻孔参数设计时应考虑地应力场特征的建议。     

黄河三角洲潮滩孔压对循环振动荷载响应研究

为了研究黄河三角洲潮滩孔压对循环振动荷载的响应过程,在现场潮滩上利用循环振动荷载作用于海床,实时监测了振动过程中孔压的发展过程。研究结果表明:在每一轮振动过程中,超孔压并非是一直升高的,其发展过程主要可以分成3个阶段:首先是累积阶段,在此期间内超孔压迅速积累并达到一峰值,即"超孔压最大响应值";其次是过渡阶段,在此期间超孔压基本保持稳定;而后是消散阶段,即超孔压从最大响应值开始缓慢消散。在振动过程中,产生的最大超孔压是振动能量的指数函数,而且不同深度所产生的最大超孔压不同,存在一极值响应深度。在超孔压累积阶段,尽管不同深度超孔压的累积历程不同,但其累积形式具有一致性,即超孔压是以振动次数为自变量的二次函数,而且,超孔压的累积速率是线性降低的。     

基于最小势能法的三维临界滑裂面搜索方法

为了得到三维边坡的临界滑裂面,提出了6个参数控制的三维滑裂面构造方法,基于边坡三维最小势能稳定性分析方法建立目标函数,采用遗传算法实现了临界滑裂面的搜索,并开发了相应的搜索程序。为检验文中搜索方法的合理性,将其与其他方法得到的临界滑裂面以及最小安全系数进行比较,并且将室内模型试验得到的临界滑面与理论搜索的结果进行对比。研究表明：搜索方法可实现稳步收敛;针对算例进行多变量同时变化的搜索验算,得到了与极限平衡法较为接近的结果,表明提出的搜索方法是合理的;理论计算结果与室内模型试验坡面加载得到的边坡临界滑面较为接近,再次验证三维边坡临界滑面搜索方法是可行的。