Particle mechanics modeling of creep behavior of rockfill materials under dry and wet conditions

Rockfill is an important construction material for infrastructure engineering, such as dams, railways and airport foundations, which display a long-term post-construction settlement. However, the main mechanisms for rockfill creep and weathering influence still remain poorly understood. Particle mechanics method is used to understand the rockfill creep process under dry and wet conditions. Different bond-aging models and wetting models that represent different degradation and weakening mechanisms are compared, in order to clarify the principle and secondary mechanisms for rockfill creep and weathering influence. The results show that rockfill aggregate breakage in terms of angularity abrasion is the main source for rockfill creep under dry state. Wetting can induce additional strain mainly due to the reduction of contact friction coefficient, i.e. lubrication, and the bond strength reduction just plays a secondary role in producing additional strain. The earlier the wetting occurs during rockfill creep, the more rapidly the rockfill becomes stable. The wetting–drying cycles can induce strain evolution in a ‘stepped’ way, which is in agreement with experimental observation. The practical implications from the modeling and the outstanding issues in this study are also discussed.     

高模数水玻璃钾基抑制冲洗液在蠕变坍塌地层中的应用

在青海埃坑南矿区钻遇含角砾石的断层泥地层,孔壁坍塌、掉块,卡钻事故时有发生,几乎无法继续钻进,使用水玻璃与相关钻井液处理剂配合使用制备水玻璃钾基抑制冲洗液,用来平衡地层压力保护孔壁,并且加大金刚石钻头及扩孔器外径,解决了钻孔坍塌、缩径以及卡钻等问题,使施工顺利进行,为后续施工提供了参考方法。     

Delayed plastic model for time‐dependent behaviour of materials

A delayed plastic model, based on the theory of plasticity, is proposed to represent the time‐dependent behaviour of materials. It is assumed in this model that the stress can lie outside the yield surface and the conjugate stress called static stress is defined on the yield surface. The stress–strain relation is calculated based on the plastic theory embedding the static stress. Thus, the stress–strain relation of the model practically corresponds to that of the inviscid elastoplastic model under fairly low rate deformation. The delayed plastic model is coupled with the Cam‐clay model for normally consolidated clays. The performance of the model is then examined by comparing the model predictions with reported time‐dependent behaviour of clays under undrained triaxial conditions. It is shown that the model is capable of predicting the effect of strain rate during undrained shear and the undrained creep behaviour including creep rupture. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A viscoplastic model including anisotropic damage for the time dependent behaviour of rock

This paper presents a new constitutive model for the time dependent mechanical behaviour of rock which takes into account both viscoplastic behaviour and evolution of damage with respect to time. This model is built by associating a viscoplastic constitutive law to the damage theory. The main characteristics of this model are the account of a viscoplastic volumetric strain (i.e. contractancy and dilatancy) as well as the anisotropy of damage. The latter is described by a second rank tensor. Using this model, it is possible to predict delayed rupture by determining time to failure, in creep tests for example. The identification of the model parameters is based on experiments such as creep tests, relaxation tests and quasi‐static tests. The physical meaning of these parameters is discussed and comparisons with lab tests are presented. The ability of the model to reproduce the delayed failure observed in tertiary creep is demonstrated as well as the sensitivity of the mechanical response to the rate of loading. The model could be used to simulate the evolution of the excavated damage zone around underground openings. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

二叠系炭质页岩软弱夹层剪切蠕变特性研究

以西南灰岩山区二叠系炭质页岩软弱夹层为研究对象,开展了原生软岩、层间剪切带和滑带3个演化阶段的矿物组成成分、微结构和不同正应力水平的剪切蠕变力学特性分析。结果表明：软弱夹层在演化过程中,矿物组分发生改变,黏土矿物含量在原生软岩中小于5%,层间剪切带中在5%～10%之间,滑带中大于10%。微结构由致密变得疏松,颗粒间连接力减弱;软弱夹层的蠕变位移和蠕变速率随着剪应力增加而增大,呈非线性关系。在相同剪应力条件下,蠕变位移和蠕变速率的关系为：滑带>层间剪切带>原岩。长期剪切强度逐渐降低,黏聚力的降幅大于内摩擦角,对时间的敏感程度较高。为受软弱夹层控制的层状基岩滑坡的发育发展过程、失稳机制研究提供了重要借鉴意义。     

混凝土徐变对抗滑桩结构的影响分析

混凝土徐变作用能够增大桩身弯曲变形,占用设计冗余。增大受拉侧混凝土裂缝宽度,降低结构耐久性。由于抗滑桩嵌固段属于隐蔽工程,无法及时发现此类问题,故将会对防治工程造成安全隐患。本文采用在抗滑桩埋设应变计,定期监测桩身应变数值的方法,研究了悬臂式抗滑桩在成桩后至一定时期内的实际受力变形情况。特别是对工程运行初期混凝土徐变作用下的桩身变形情况,进行了分析与总结,最后提出了抗滑桩设计时注意事项。     

Integration schemes with substepping algorithms for creep analysis in geomaterials

This paper describes a robust and efficient methodology for predicting displacements, deformations, and stresses in geomaterials that are susceptible to creep. The methodology is based on two integration schemes, which consider substepping algorithms. The first scheme is used for integrating space-time relations in a global sense, whereas the second scheme is used for integrating stress-stain relations in a local sense. Different from previous studies, both integration schemes are easy to implement and general in the sense that they can be applied to any type of creep law. Through an in-house finite element simulator, several numerical tests are performed. They include triaxial and wellbore closure analyses considering soft soils and salt rocks. The results show that the combination of both schemes leads to stable and accurate solutions with reduced computational time.     

Modelling the time‐dependent behaviour of granular material with hypoplasticity

This paper presents a constitutive model for time‐dependent behaviour of granular material. The model consists of 2 parts representing the inviscid and viscous behaviour of granular materials. The inviscid part is a rate‐independent hypoplastic constitutive model. The viscous part is represented by a rheological model, which contains a high‐order term denoting the strain acceleration. The proposed model is validated by simulating some element tests on granular soils. Our model is able to model not only the non‐isotach behaviour but also the 3 creep stages, namely, primary, secondary, and tertiary creep, in a unified way.     

下滑坡及防治方案

下滑坡是由采煤引发的巨型深层顺层滑坡,目前处在蠕动变形阶段。本文对滑坡稳定性进行了计算,算出不同采空区面积下的稳定系数,计算了滑坡推力,提出了地表地下排水、煤层采空区设承重阻滑键、滑坡前缘设抗滑桩综合防治方案,可供防治设计施工参考。     

Rheological stratification of the Indian continental lithosphere: Role of diffusion creep

Dynamic recrystallization and reduction in grain-size at large strains, e.g. in shear zones, leads to rheological weakening of the lithosphere and facilitates intense ductile deformation. In the present work, we include this effect into the rheological models of the Indian continental lithosphere to analyse its role in modifying the rheological structure and strength of the Indian lithosphere. The results computed by using quartz and felspar rheologies for the upper and lower crust, respectively, and grain-size dependent olivine rheology for the upper mantle, indicate an increase in the ductility of the mantle lithosphere.