新疆主要城市的采暖与制冷度日数(Ⅱ)——近45年来的变化趋势

利用非参数检验法(MK检验)和简单线性回归法检测了1959-2004年近45年来新疆16个主要城市年和季采暖与制冷度日数时间序列的单调趋势,并分析了其变化特征。结果表明,由于受全球气候变暖,尤其是冬季变暖的影响,近45年来,新疆主要城市冬季和年采暖度日数普遍存在减少趋势,其中除库车县城趋势不明显外,其它15个城市的减少趋势都非常显著,年序列的线性倾向率在-25.11~-153.99℃/10 a的范围内,平均值为-77.9℃/10 a;绝大部分城市的夏季和年制冷度日数存在增加的趋势,年序列的线性倾向率处于-11.9~17.1℃/10 a之间,平均为4.3℃/10 a。冬季和年采暖度日数普遍减少必将有助于新疆采暖能源消耗量的降低,减轻城市煤烟型大气污染,进而促进新疆环境与社会健康可持续发展。     

Coastal cooling/heating events: Laboratory experiments

We report the results of laboratory experiments on water heating/cooling, performed in 5 m long water channel with a slope. About 63 series of photos were analyzed: for 3 locations, for 3 bottom slopes (3.7, 6.7 and 12 degrees) and for different Ra numbers. It was pointed out that there exist two types of mixing characterizing different circulations in the presence of slope: gravity current and undersurface jet; the thermal bar is the region where one type of mixing is replaced by another; the highest speed and flowrate are at the break point; the flow is three-dimensional.     

Chandra X-ray observations of the 3C 295 cluster core

We examine the properties of the X-ray gas in the central regions of the distant ( z =0.46) , X-ray luminous cluster of galaxies surrounding the powerful radio source 3C 295, using observations made with the Chandra Observatory . Between radii of 50 and 500 kpc, the cluster gas is approximately isothermal with an emission-weighted temperature, kT ∼5 keV . Within the central 50-kpc radius this value drops to kT ∼3.7 keV . The spectral and imaging Chandra data indicate the presence of a cooling flow within the central 50-kpc radius of the cluster, with a mass deposition rate of approximately 280 M_⊙ yr⁻¹. We estimate an age for the cooling flow of 1–2 Gyr , which is approximately 1000 times older than the central radio source. We find no evidence in the X-ray spectra or images for significant heating of the X-ray gas by the radio source. We report the detection of an edge-like absorption feature in the spectrum for the central 50-kpc region, which may be caused by oxygen-enriched dust grains. The implied mass in metals seen in absorption could have been accumulated by the cooling flow over its lifetime. Combining the results on the X-ray gas density profile with radio measurements of the Faraday rotation measure in 3C 295, we estimate the magnetic field strength in the region of the cluster core to be B ∼12 μG .     

Development of micro-scale joints in volcanic rocks under thermal stress

Petrographic studies of samples of the Rajmahal basalt reveal a variety of microscopic joints within phenocrysts, which seem to have developed under the influence of thermal stresses during cooling. The theoretical analysis shows that:

RADIATIVE COOLING AND BROADBAND PHENOMENON IN LOW-FREQUENCY WAVES

In this paper, we analyze the effects of radiative cooling on the pure baroclinic low-frequency waves under the approximation of equatorial β-plane and semi-geostrophic condition. The results show that radiative cooling does not, exclusively, provide the damping effects on the development of low-frequency waves.Under the delicate radiative-convective equilibrium, radiative effects will alter the phase speed and wave period,and bring about the broadband of phase velocity and wave period by adjusting the vertical profiles of diabaticheating. When the intensity of diabatic heating is moderate and appropriate, it is conductive to the development and sustaining of the low-frequency waves and their broadband phenomena, not the larger, the better. The radiative cooling cannot be neglected in order to reach the moderate and appropriate intensity of diabatic heating.     

Isotopic equilibration ages for the Miyanohara tonalite from the Higo metamorphic belt in central Kyushu, Southwest Japan: Implications for the tectonic setting during the Triassic

Abstract Miyanohara tonalite occurs in the middle part of the Higo metamorphic belt in the central Kyushu, Southwest Japan. This tonalite intrudes into early Permian Ryuhozan metamorphic rocks in the south and is intruded by Cretaceous Shiraishino granodiorite in the north. The Miyanohara tonalite yielded three mineral ages: (i) 110–100 Ma for Sm–Nd and Rb–Sr internal isochrons and for K–Ar hornblende; (ii) 183 Ma for Sm–Nd internal isochron; and (iii) 211 Ma for Sm–Nd internal isochron. The ages of 110–100 Ma may indicate cooling age due to the thermal effect of the Shiraishino granodiorite intrusion. The ages of 183 Ma and 211 Ma are consistent with timing of intrusion of the Miyanohara tonalite based on geologic constraints. The hornblende in the sample which gave 183 Ma shows discontinuous zoning under microscope, whereas the one which gave 211 Ma does not show zonal structure. These mineralogical features suggest that the 183 Ma sample has suffered severely from later tectonothermal effect compared with the 211 Ma sample. Therefore, the age of 211 Ma is regarded as near crystallization age for the Miyanohara tonalite. The magmatic process, geochronology and initial Sr and Nd isotope ratios for the Miyanohara tonalite are similar to those of early Jurassic granites from the Outer Plutonic Zone of the Hida belt that constitutes a marginal part of east Asia before the opening of the Japan Sea. Intrusion of the Miyanohara tonalite is considered to have taken place in the active continental margin during the late Triassic.     

青岛市沿岸潮间带海水营养状况与 底栖海藻种类组成的研究

对青岛市沿岸旅游区潮间带海水的营养状况和底栖 海藻的种类组成和生物量进行了调查。结果表明,青岛沿岸潮间带海水无机氮、磷的含量较 高,呈富营养状态。调查海区共发现底栖海藻51种,其中有红藻30种、褐藻11种和绿藻10种 。     

海水液压传动技术及其在海洋开发中的应用

海水液压传动技术是国际上近年来为适应海洋开发而发展起来的一门新技术,是液压传动技术的一个重要发展方向,由于其抗燃性好,特别是和海洋环境相容、没有环境污染、效率高,而越来越受到人们的重视。本文主要论述海水液压传动技术的突出优越性,并介绍国内外关于海水液压传动技术的研究及在海洋开发中的应用情况,供我国海洋开发工作者参考．     

冻土区块石护坡路基调温效果试验研究

块石护坡调温路基是多年冻土区铁路设计中所采取的一种积极保护冻土的措施,该调温过程包括暖季的热屏蔽作用和冷季的对流降温两个方面。根据现场观测资料,对两种不同粒径的块石层下地温热状况给予了初步分析。结果表明,暖季小块石层（粒径为50～80 mm）的热屏蔽作用要优于大块石层（粒径为400～500 mm）,而冷季大块石层的对流降温作用要强于小块石层;综合一个暖冷季循环周期来看,大块石层的调温效果要好于小块石层。块石护坡路基下0 ℃等温线大部分已基本接近原天然地表。初步认为,此种发展趋势有利于路基的稳定。     

海水中铁(Ⅲ)-氨基酸盐配合物的光化学反应研究

系统研究了高压汞灯模拟日光照射下铁(Ⅲ)-氨基酸盐配合物在天然海水中的光化学反应情况,结果发现,在氨基酸盐配体的存在下,铁(Ⅲ)会发生光化学反应生成还原态的铁(Ⅱ),同时生成的铁(Ⅱ)会被容器内的氧再氧化为铁(Ⅲ).铁(Ⅲ)的光还原反应速率会受到配体浓度、pH和光强以及温度的影响.在氨基酸与铁(Ⅲ)浓度配比大于2的情况下,在铁(Ⅲ)氨基酸盐配合物的光还原反应初期铁(Ⅱ)浓度的增长符合一级动力学反应规律,100min后浓度趋于稳定.光强升高和pH降低都能加快光还原速率,而改变温度则基本上对光还原反应速率无影响,这证明铁(Ⅲ)的光还原反应为一自由基引发的电子转移过程.