隆升幅度及隆升速率研究方法综述

对有关隆升幅度和速率定量研究的古生物、古气候法、古地球法、地质压力计法、热年代学方法及变质作用ｐ－Ｔ－ｔ轨迹法作了概括，重点阐述了近年来热年代学方法在隆升幅度和速率量研究中的应用。此外，对这些方法应用的前提和条件作了评述。     

烟雾层的长波辐射效应以及对边界层温度层结的影响

本文利用一个简化的长波辐射方案，计算了兰州城市烟雾层大气的辐射效应．计算表明:烟雾层气溶胶增加了到达地面的大气逆辐射和气层的冷却率，平均污染状况时，增加量分别为15．2％和0．073℃／h．与烟雾层对太阳辐射吸收加热率相比，冷却率量值较小，但对全天边界层能量平衡所起作用不可忽略．对比分析了兰州和郊区夜晚的平均温度廓线演变情况，可以看出烟雾层长波辐射效应增加了低层大气中上部的冷却．     

On Mechanisms of Nucleation of Ice Crystals by Aerodynamic Cooling

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Seawater Intrusion in the Longkou-Laizhou Area, Shandong

The extensive intrusion (covering an area of 83.7-238.3 km~2 and accounting for 18.6-31.5% of the total area of the plain), the presence of a transitional zone 1.5-6.0 km in width, and the interconnection in distribution between the seawater intrusion district and the region lower than the sea level caused by the strong drop of the groundwater level are major characteristics of the seawater intrusion in the study area. Cation exchange played an important role during the formation of chemical composition of the groundwater in the seawater intrusion district.     

Temperature,fluid content and rheology of localized ductile shear zones in subsolidus cooling plutons

Temperature and fluid content are critical parameters that control rock rheology and strain localization in the continental crust. Here, we determine by thermodynamic modelling the of localized ductile shearing during cooling of three different granitoid plutons: the Rieserferner and the Adamello plutons in the Italian Alps, and the Lake Edison pluton in the Sierra Nevada—USA. Shear zones exploited precursor joints, associated veins and alteration zones. and P−T phase diagram sections were computed with Perple_X in the system MnO−Na₂O−CaO −K₂O−FeO−MgO−Al₂O₃−SiO₂−H₂O−Fe₂O₃. The phase diagram sections show that the nucleation of the brittle precursors (joints, veins) occurred at T» 450°C at fluid-saturated conditions. Localized ductile shearing likely occurred at temperature ranging between 420 and 460°C evolving from initially fluid-saturated to fluid-undersaturated conditions in a closed system. In this temperature range, granitoid rocks are potentially subject to a series of retrograde metamorphic reactions replacing the load-bearing feldspars with weaker phyllosilicates. Metamorphic reactions occurred in spatial association with the precursory structures, leading to localized shearing. Decreasing temperature and fluid-undersaturated conditions likely hampered progressive strain accommodation in shear zones by slowing down metamorphic reactions, thermally activated dislocation creep processes, fluid-mediated deformation mechanisms and weakening mechanisms. Polyphase granitoid ultramylonite and mylonitic quartz veins have been affected differently by the fluid-undersaturated conditions of the system, as consequence of different dominant deformation mechanisms and syn-kinematic paragenesis during localized shearing. Localized ductile shearing in cooling plutons effectively occurs in a limited temperature range (420–460°C) in which the strain accommodation capacity of the shear zone is controlled by the negative feedback between the cooling rate, the kinetics of metamorphic reactions and deformation mechanisms, and the consumption of the limited amount of available fluids.     

某双曲线冷却塔施工放线测量

结合某双曲线冷却塔施工测量工作，介绍了在测量新技术条件下复杂建筑的施工测量方法和技术。     

新疆主要城市的采暖与制冷度日数:Ⅰ.空间变化特征

利用日最高和日最低气温值计算了新疆16个主要城市6种基准温度下的年和季采暖与制冷度日数,并对其空间分布特征进行了分析。结果表明,基准温度18℃下,新疆16个城市的多年平均年采暖度日数在2007.3~5216.5℃之间;新疆16个主要城市的制冷度日数比较低,基准温度24℃下的多年平均年制冷度日数位于25.9~746.4℃.d之间。采暖度日数随基准温度的增大而增大,制冷度日数随基准温度的增大而变小。多年平均年采暖度日数随纬度、经度和海拔的升高而增大;多年平均年制冷度日数随纬度和经度的变化趋势不明显,但随高度的增加而明显变小。     

显生宙海水成分、碳酸盐沉积和生物演化系统研究进展

简述了显生宙海水成分演化的特征、识别标志和成因解释模型以及存在的问题和今后研究的方向.不同时期海水的成分的差异,特别是海水的x(Mg)/x(Ca)值,导致了文石海、方解石海时期的碳酸盐沉积和早期成岩作用均存在差异,甚至影响了盆地深部成岩流体的特征.显生宙海生生物的演替和盛衰,特别是简单生物(如钙藻和海绵)和高产率生物(如造礁生物和碳酸盐沉积物主要生产者),明显体现了海水的x(Mg)/x(Ca)值周期性变化对海生生物的影响.这种影响也同样体现在古生代末期的生物大绝灭及随后的生物复苏样式上,在生物更替事件研究中应引起重视.因此,生物与环境的协同演化研究必须从地球系统科学的角度展开.     

Observed thermal pollution and post-development simulations of low-temperature geothermal systems in Winnipeg, Canada

Two issues arise in the long-term use of groundwater for thermal purposes: (1) the sustainability of an individual system; and (2) the effect of neighbouring systems on each other. Both of these effects are observed in an area of the Carbonate Rock Aquifer beneath Winnipeg in Manitoba, Canada, where groundwater has been exploited in thermal applications since 1965. In this area, there are four systems that utilize groundwater for cooling purposes that are closely spaced. The current temperatures observed in this area of the Carbonate Rock Aquifer and the results of the numerical modeling conducted in this study confirm that in each system, temperatures at the production well have risen as a result of breakthrough of injected water. The results of numerical modeling also indicate that interference effects are present in three of the four systems examined in this study. The influence of these systems on each other implies that these systems have a spacing that is smaller than the optimum spacing for such systems, and indicates that there is a limit to the density of development that can occur in a given aquifer.Contaminación termal y simulaciones post-desarrollo de sistemas geotermales de baja temperatura en Winnipeg, Canadá     

Major ions characteristics in a disturbed aquifer of an oceanic island——Sipadan, Malaysia

The Sipadan island is the only oceanic island found in Malaysia, and is popularly known for its beautiful corals and diving activities. The aquifer of the island is affected by seawater intrusion associated with groundwater exploitation. Geologically, the aquifer is composed of several series of Quaternary bioherm facies, and its recharge merely depends on rainfall. This research attempts to understand the chemical changes of the groundwater attributed to the salinization processes based on major ion composition （Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋, Na^＋, K^＋, HCO, SO, Cl^-）. The initial assessments were done in years 1993 - 1994, followed by subsequent assessment in years 2004-2005. Methods of analyses were adopted from APHA （1995）. The hydrogeochemical saturation indices （SI） were computed using the PHREEQC program in order to assess the state of equilibrium between groundwater and the minerals present. The results of analyses indicated that the groundwater has been highly enriched in Na^＋, SO and CI, reflecting an encroachment of saline water into the aquifer. The groundwater facies can be classified as sodium chloride （Na-Cl） water type. There are positive correlations （moderate to strong）, except HCO3^-, between the studied parameters. The weak and inconsistent correlation of HCO3^- with the cations and anions related to dissolved salts suggests that saltwater intrusion has an insignificant impact on the chemistry of HCO3^- in the groundwater. Strong correlations （r 〉0.70） exist among the major elements （Na^＋, Mg^2＋, K^＋, Cl^- and SO4^-） and salinity （EC）. These relationships clearly identify the main elements contributing to the groundwater salinity and their tendency to depict a similar trend of salinization pattern. Chloride has a major influence on the salinity of groundwater based on the positive and strong correlation that exist between Cl^- and EC （r=0.97）.