基于孔隙胀缩的土−水特征曲线滞后增量模型

土体孔隙比对土?水特征曲线（SWCC）具有重要影响。试验研究表明,土体在经历不同水力荷载路径后,孔隙发生胀缩致使SWCC产生滞后现象。基于这一发现,假设孔隙胀缩可致使SWCC曲线及扫描曲线产生滞后现象,并以轴平移技术为例解释了土体孔隙在水力载荷作用下胀缩的细观行为。在此基础上,将由变截面毛细管模型定义的孔隙等效半径与Fredlund-Xing方程相结合,通过将孔径控制参数?d简化为常量,推导得到了考虑孔隙胀缩并能反映滞后效应的非饱和土SWCC增量方程。该模型仅需通过主干燥及任意一条扫描曲线确定模型参数,即可预测其他扫描曲线。最后,通过5组试验数据验证了该模型对不同类型土的适用性且该模型具有预测高阶扫描曲线的能力。     

煤层割理的形成机理及在煤层气勘探开发评价中的意义

在系统研究鄂尔多斯东缘晚古生代煤层割理的基础上，结合煤化作用和油气生成研究新成果，对煤层割理的形成机理进行了探讨。认为割理是煤化作用过程中，煤因生成水、烃及其它气体而产生收缩内应力和高孔隙流体压力，当其超过煤的力学强度时，致使煤发生张性破裂而形成。割理的原始走向受割理形成时期的古地应力场控制。进而指出中变质光亮煤和半亮煤中割理最发育，因此这些煤层分布区是煤层气勘探开发的优选靶区。     

Parallel computation of seismic analysis of high arch dam

Parallel computation programs are developed for three-dimensional meso-mechanics analysis of fully-graded dam concrete and seismic response analysis of high arch dams （ADs）, based on the Parallel Finite Element Program Generator （PFEPG）. The computational algorithms of the numerical simulation of the meso-structure of concrete specimens were studied. Taking into account damage evolution, static preload, strain rate effect, and the heterogeneity of the meso-structure of dam concrete, the fracture processes of damage evolution and configuration of the cracks can be directly simulated. In the seismic response analysis of ADs, all the following factors are involved, such as the nonlinear contact due to the opening and slipping of the contraction joints, energy dispersion of the far-field foundation, dynamic interactions of the dam-foundation- reservoir system, and the combining effects of seismic action with all static loads. The correctness, reliability and efficiency of the two parallel computational programs are verified with practical illustrations.     

Finite strain elastoplastic solutions for the undrained ground response curve in tunnelling

The instantaneous response of saturated low permeability grounds to tunnel excavation is important for deformations and stability close to the tunnel face. It is characterized by zero volume change in combination with the development of excess pore pressures. In tunnelling through poor quality ground under great depth of cover and high in situ pore pressure, heavily squeezing conditions (characterized by very large convergences) may occur soon after excavation. This paper presents exact finite strain analytical solutions for the undrained ground response around cylindrical and spherical openings that are unloaded from uniform and isotropic initial stress states, on the basis of the Modified Cam Clay (MCC) model and the Mohr–Coulomb (MC) model. The solution for a Drucker–Prager material is also given as it requires only a very small modification to the MC solution. The so‐called ground response curve, that is, the relationship between the support pressure and the cavity wall displacement, is derived in closed form for the MC model. The solution for the MCC problem is semi‐analytical in that it uses the trapezium rule for the computation of a definite integral. The influence of the significant parameters of the problem on the predicted deformation behaviour is shown by means of dimensionless charts. Finally, the practical usefulness of the solutions presented is illustrated by applying them to the breccia zones of the planned Gibraltar Strait tunnel – an extreme case of weak, low permeability ground under high pore pressure. The solutions can serve as a trustworthy benchmark for numerical procedures that incorporate material and geometric nonlinearities. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A design method for plastic tube cast-in-place concrete pile considering cavity contraction and its validation

Bearing capacity calculation method and field static load test (SLT) program were carried out simultaneously to study the bearing characteristics of individual Plastic Tube Cast-in-Place Concrete Pile (TC pile), which are increasingly being employed for support of embankments in southeast China. The bearing capacity calculation method considering pile setup (i.e., setup calculation method) was built up according to the cylindrical cavity contraction and horizontal consolidation theories. A series of SLTs on different dates were applied to study the bearing behavior of TC pile and to verify the validity of the established setup calculation method. During TC piles installation, there is about 45% contraction in cylindrical volume due to the extraction of steel casing. Both theoretical and experimental results show that the calculated outcomes considering cylindrical cavity contraction agree well with measured ones. The difference value between them is not more than 12%. On the other hand, if the cylindrical cavity contraction is ignored, the calculated bearing capacities of TC piles are overestimated by 160–300%. The setup of TC pile is mainly due to the increment of pile shaft resistance with time elapsed. Cylindrical cavity contraction accompanied by TC pile installation causes much loss of pile shaft resistance.     

山东七宝山隐爆角砾岩型Cu-Au矿床流体包裹体及成矿流体演化特征

山东七宝山隐爆角砾岩型Cu-Au矿床位于郯庐断裂带东侧,矿体主要赋存在七宝山杂岩体中。通过显微学观察,发现在深部蚀变斑岩的重结晶石英斑晶中发现了含子晶包裹体(Type 1型),同时伴生有气相(Type 2型)和富气相水溶液(Type 3型)包裹体。浅部矿坑石英脉中的流体包裹体主要为气液两相包裹体,并对较为发育的石英晶柱进行了详细的阴极发光特征和显微学观察研究。从其根部到末端可以划分为三个期次,其中第一期次石英环带中主要发育富液相包裹体(Type4型),另外还发育少量的负晶形气液两相包裹体(Type 5型),第二期石英环带中主要发育Type 5型包裹体,第三期石英环带中主要发育形态各异的气液两相包裹体(Type 6型)。显微测温结果显示,Type 1型包裹体均表现为子晶熔化均一特征,均一温度介于375~450℃之间,计算获得的盐度为43.8%~52.2%NaC leqv;Type 3型包裹体表现为临界均一特征,均一温度介于347~420℃之间,估算盐度为0.8%~7.1%NaC leqv;Type 4,5和6型包裹体均均一至液相,均一温度分别为221~327℃、199~379℃以及109~193℃,相应的盐度为2.4%~7.8%NaC leqv、10.2%~16.8%NaC leqv以及0.3%~4.0%NaC leqv。热力学计算获得Type 1型包裹体均一压力为623.46~1111.82bar,平均855.70bar。Type 3型包裹体均一压力范围为139.18~362.47bar,平均为250.70bar。由此可以认为,尽管富气相包裹体和含子晶包裹体共存,并且具备相近的均一温度范围,但是压力相差极为明显,所以这种共存特征并不能表征流体沸腾作用。根据前人实验研究结果,本文认为Type 2和3型包裹体代表了斑岩体结晶早期由于上覆地层隐爆而导致的压力降低条件下分异出来的流体,由于角砾岩筒后续固结引起压力增加,由Type 1型含子晶包裹体所代表的高盐度流体逐渐从成矿岩体中分异出来。当这两种流体沿裂隙通道向上运动时,被同期石英包裹体捕获而共存。这部分流体代表了深部斑岩成矿系统的流体。根据H-O-S同位素研究,Type 4和5包裹体主要来自岩浆流体,并且在后期经历了大气降水的混合,形成了Type 6型流体。这部分流体则代表了浅成热液系统的流体。由于Type 3和4型包裹体均为岩浆成因流体,两者盐度范围一致(5.0%~7.0%NaC leqv),并且随着温度的下降,密度演化趋势明显,从0.4101增加至0.8816g/cm3。本文认为代表斑岩系统的深部富气相成矿流体在向上逃逸过程中由于压力扰动而在超临界区域内发生相态收缩,随着温度下降形成了富液相成矿流体,转变为浅成热液系统的流体,在此过程中不会发生流体沸腾。由于Cu和Au易于被HS-络合而在气相中运移,并且液相流体之间的混合能力较强,所以当含金的富气相流体收缩成富液相流体时,可以与浅部的天然降水或者富Fe流体发生任意比例的混合,导致了Cu和Au的卸载成矿,这应该是七宝山Cu-Au矿化主要的成矿机制,但是不排除由于温度和压力的下降而引发的金属矿物沉淀成矿。     

含金石英脉中黄铁矿固态分解的组构特征

胶东新城及陕西小秦岭地区含金石英脉中，微晶磁黄铁矿交代置换黄铁矿并发育了一种特征的蠕虫状显微多孔构造，前人文献中尚未见报道。基于矿相学和矿物学研究，我们认为微晶磁黄铁矿及其特征的组构是黄铁矿固态等化学分解的产物，其显微多孔构造与体积收缩和硫的逸失有关。     

考虑残余体应变的土石坝地震永久变形分析

地震永久变形是评价土石坝抗震稳定性的一个重要依据,其合理计算需要同时考虑材料的残余体积应变和残余剪切应变的影响。因此,在过去提出的永久变形等效节点力计算方法的基础上,通过考虑剪切压缩耦合作用来反映残余体积应变对地震永久变形的影响,并推导了相应的模量矩阵,明确了参数选择和计算步骤。对典型单元体的残余变形模式进行了分析,计算得到的剪切应变和体积应变大小均与理论值相符,验证了模量矩阵的可靠性。在此基础上,对心墙堆石坝和面板堆石坝的算例进行了计算,重点分析了竖直向、顺河向和横河向3个方向永久变形分布,并与实测规律进行比较。计算结果表明,考虑残余体应变之后,所提方法能够反映土石坝地震永久变形以沉降为主、水平变形相对较小的特点,可更为合理地反映地震永久变形的规律。     

Change in Extent of Meadows and Shrub Fields in the Central Western Cascade Range,Oregon∗

We examined change in areal extent of mountain meadows and fields of deciduous shrubs and conifer saplings in the central western Cascade Range of Oregon, based on analysis of aerial photographs taken in 1946 and 2000. These nonforest vegetation patches are distinctive habitats in dominantly forested landscapes, such as the Cascades, and change in extent of these habitats is of interest to scientists and land managers. We mapped and dated even-aged forest stands of probable postfire origin around the nonforest patches, using tree-ring analysis and interpretation of aerial photographs. We used these and archival data to interpret possible influences of past wildfire and sheep grazing on the extent of nonforest patches. The total area of nonforest vegetation patches decreased from 5.5 percent of the study area in 1946 to 2.5 percent in 2000. Significantly more cases of contracted patches were observed for mesic and xeric meadows which have adjacent forest established after wildfire in the approximately 150 years preceding 1946. A higher proportion of mesic (47 percent, n = 47) than xeric (17 percent, n= 115) meadows contracted between 1946 and 2000. Broad-leaved shrub fields were unchanged, probably because of topo-edaphic controls, dense cover of shrubs, and snow effects; but all fields of conifer saplings underwent succession to forest. We observed no strong influences of sheep grazing on the extent of meadows.     

Periglacial microjointing and faulting in Weichselian fluvio-aeolian deposits

A Weichselian Late Pleniglacial fluvio-aeolian deposit has been investigated in the southern Netherlands. Three main structural lineaments have been distinguished: (1) very small, vertical platy structures (microjoints), in a parallel and a columnar configuration; (2) large joints and normal faults with minor displacement (‘Grubbenvorst type’), arranged in a conjugate fault-system; (3) large joints and normal faults (‘wedge-type’), located adjacent to ice-wedge casts. Since clay is absent, the occurrence of the vertical platy structures cannot be attributed to desiccation cracking. The vertical platy structures are interpreted as the result of thermal contraction cracking of a relatively thin layer, due to a sudden temperature drop. The large joints and normal faults of the Grubbenvorst type are the result of failure of the sediment due to the melting of the permafrost in the Late Pleniglacial, just before the formation of the Beuningen Gravel Bed. In other areas large periglacial convolutions have been formed during the same period. The normal faults and joints of the wedge type are more generally known. They are the result of failure of the sediment adjacent to a melting ice wedge.