Patch‐scale representation of vegetation within hydraulic models

Submerged aquatic vegetation affects flow, sediment and ecological processes within rivers. Quantifying these effects is key to effective river management. Despite a wealth of research into vegetated flows, the detailed flow characteristics around real plants in natural channels are still poorly understood. Here we present a new methodology for representing vegetation patches within computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models of vegetated channels. Vegetation is represented using a Mass Flux Scaling Algorithm (MFSA) and drag term within the Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes Equations, which account for the mass and momentum effects of the vegetation, respectively. The model is applied using three different grid resolutions (0.2, 0.1 and 0.05 m) using time‐averaged solution methods and compared to field data. The results show that the model reproduces the complex spatial flow heterogeneity within the channel and that increasing the resolution leads to enhanced model accuracy. Future applications of the model to the prediction of channel roughness, sedimentation and key eco‐hydraulic variables are presented, likely to be valuable for informing effective river management. © 2016 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

Topographic change and numerically modelled near surface wind flow in a bowl blowout

A number of studies have measured and numerically modelled near surface wind velocity over a range of aeolian landforms and made suppositions about topographic change and landform evolution. However, the precise measurement and correlation of flow dynamics and resulting topographic change have not yet been fully realized. Here, using repeated high-resolution terrestrial laser scanning and numerical flow modelling within a bowl blowout, we statistically analyse the relationship between wind speed, vertical wind velocity, turbulent kinetic energy and topographic change over a 33-day period. Topographic results showed that erosion and deposition occurred in distinct regions within the blowout. Deposition occurred in the upwind third of the deflation basin, where wind flow became separated and velocity and turbulent kinetic energy decreased, and erosion occurred in the downwind third of the deflation basin, where wind flow reattached and aligned with incident wind direction. Statistical analysis of wind flow and topographic change indicated that wind speed had a strong correlation with overall topographic change and that vertical wind velocity (including both positive and negative) displayed a strong correlation with negative topographic change (erosion). Only weak or very weak correlations exist for wind flow parameters and positive topographic change (accretion). This study demonstrates that wind flow modelling using average incident wind conditions can be utilized successfully to identify regions of overall change and erosion for a complex aeolian landform, but not to identify and predict regions where solely accretion will occur. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluating simplified models in predicting global seismic responses of a shake table–test building isolated by triple friction pendulum bearings

This paper evaluates the ability of simplified superstructure models, including two shear frame models and a single-story model, in predicting global responses of a full-scale five-story steel moment-frame buildings isolated by triple friction pendulum bearings subjected to earthquake motions. The investigated responses include displacement of the isolation system, roof drift, story drift, and floor acceleration. Mechanical properties of the simplified superstructure models were derived from the modal information of a verified full 3-D model. The comparison between the analytical responses and experimental responses shows that the simplified models can well predict the displacement of the isolation system. Furthermore, the shear-frame models are adequate for predicting floor acceleration when the specimen is subjected to horizontal ground motions. However, when the specimen is subjected to 3-D motions, the shear-frame models un-conservatively predict floor acceleration. The full 3-D model improves the prediction of story drift compared with the simplified models for both horizontal and 3-D motions.     

利用网格划分软件和缓坡方程计算港内波浪场

提出了一套可方便应用于波浪场计算的方法。该方法包含了准确的边界输入输出技术,简便的地形输入技术,高质量的计算网格生成以及加速查寻、排序的数据结构。应用双曲型缓坡方程计算了港湾内的波浪场,数值计算时提出了处理建筑物表面部分反射边界条件的方法。将计算结果与边界元方法的结果和实验值进行了比较,证明该方法应用于波浪场可得到较理想的结果。对大连港区内的波浪折射绕射进行了计算,表明本方法可以应用于实际港口的波浪场计算中。     

海上浮式风机气动性能数值模拟

采用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法,基于RANS方程和SST k-ω湍流模型,对OC3-Hywind Spar浮式平台支撑的NREL5 MW风机进行气动性能模拟。对固定式风机的数值模型做网格无关性验证,同时考虑垂直风切变的影响,并将数值结果与NREL设计数据进行对比以验证模型的有效性。在FLUENT软件中,设定嵌入式滑移网格和用户定义程序(UDF)来模拟风机叶轮随平台的周期运动,分别研究浮式平台的纵荡、纵摇和首摇运动对风机气动荷载的影响。数值结果表明平台的纵荡和纵摇运动对输出功率影响较大,且平台运动幅值越大周期越低,其气动荷载变化越剧烈。合理控制平台的运动幅值对提高浮式风机的发电性能和疲劳强度有很大作用。     

一种基于常梯度模板插值的声线跟踪算法

常梯度声线跟踪在计算波束脚印位置时精度高,但过程复杂、效率低,应用于深海测量时尤为严重,因此提出了一种基于常梯度声线跟踪模板的波束点插值计算方法.首先研究了基于常梯度声线跟踪模板进行波束点位插值计算的理论基础,发现通过模板差值可以确定波束足迹;然后提出了基于常梯度模板插值的声线跟踪算法,主要包括常梯度声线跟踪模板构建、...     

LARGE AMPLITUDE LIQUID SLOSHING IN SEISMICALLY EXCITED TANKS

An innovative method of analysis was developed to simulate the non-linear seismic finite-amplitude liquid sloshing in two-dimensional containers. In view of the irregular and time-varying liquid surface, the method employed a curvilinear mesh system to transform the non-linear sloshing problem from the physical domain with an irregular free-surface boundary into a computational domain in which rectangular grids can be analysed by the finite difference method. Non-linearities associated with both the unknown location of the free surface and the high-order differential terms were considered. The Crank–Nicolson time marching scheme was employed and the resulting finite difference algorithm is unconditionally stable and very lightly damped with respect to the temporal co-ordinate. In order to minimize numerical instability caused by the computational dispersion in spatially discretized surface wave, a second-order dissipation term was added to the system to filter out the spurious high-frequency waves. Sloshing effects and structural response were measured in terms of sloshing amplitude, base shear and overturning moment generated by the hydrodynamic pressure of the liquid exerted on the container walls. Simulation results of liquid sloshing induced by earthquake and harmonic base excitations were compared with those of the linear wave theory and the limitations of the latter in assessing the response of seismically excited liquids were addressed.     

海底泥流冲击悬跨管道拖曳力系数分析

海底滑坡是海洋油气工程最危险的地质灾害之一,直接影响海底管线运营安全。滑坡体失稳滑动过程中,由于海水掺和作用逐渐加速转变成快速滑动泥流,冲击海底悬跨管道。基于当前国际通用的计算流体动力学(CFD)方法,采用赫巴模型描述快速滑动泥流,计算分析海底滑坡冲击悬跨管道的受力特性,重点分析悬跨高度对管道法向拖曳力系数的影响。研究发现,管道法向拖曳力系数随悬跨高度的增长而增大,当达到某一悬跨高度时,管道拖曳力系数保持稳定。     

Hydraulic modelling of fish habitat in urban rivers during high flows

In urban rivers, flow regime and channel morphology are the drivers of physical habitat quality for aquatic species. Peak discharges are increased at high flows as a result of impermeable catchments and channel engineering for flood protection schemes. Hazardous conditions and flashy hydrographs mean that measurement of velocities at high flows is a difficult task. This research uses a three‐dimensional computational fluid dynamics (3D‐CFD) model to simulate hydraulic patterns in two urban river channels. A 3D‐CFD code, called SSIIM, was used to simulate hydraulic conditions in two engineered river reaches of the River Tame, Birmingham, UK. These two sites represent channels with different levels of engineering. Models were calibrated and tested using field measurements. Results show that modelled water surface levels and velocity profiles are well simulated. Calibrated roughness heights are compared with those derived from field measurement of sediment size. Numerical experiments are used to assess the relationship between grid resolution in the vertical dimension and the form of the modelled velocity profiles. Biologists have used laboratory experiments to determine maximum sustainable swimming speeds (MSSS) of fish, often in order to assess what level of a particular pollutant may be tolerable. In this work, simulations of high‐flow hydraulic patterns are used to compare velocity patterns with fish MSSS. Results show that when the water levels rise to fill the first channel of the two‐stage channels at the sites, which occurred 16 times in 2000, MSSS are surpassed in the majority of available habitat, suggesting that excessive velocities at high flows are one factor that limits fish habitat. A comparison between the two reaches shows that there is less available habitat in the more modified reach. Conclusions suggest that an approach that integrates water quality issues and physical channel characteristics must be taken in river rehabilitation schemes, as improvements to water quality alone may not be sufficient to improve habitat quality to the desired level. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Multiphase model for inclusion‐reinforced geostructures: Application to rock‐bolted tunnels and piled raft foundations

A multiphase model is proposed to describe the mechanical behaviour of geomaterials reinforced by linear inclusions. This macroscopic approach considers the reinforced soil or rock mass as the superposition of continuous media. Equations of motion and constitutive laws of the model are first derived. Its implementation in a finite element computer code is then detailed. A modified implicit algorithm for elastoplastic problems is proposed. The model and its implementation are fully validated for rock‐bolted tunnels (comparison with scale model experiments) and piled raft foundations (comparison with the classical ‘hybrid method’). The Messeturm case history is finally presented to assess the handiness of the approach for real structures. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.