Facies-controlled volcanic reservoirs of northern Songliao Basin, NE China

Volcanic rocks of the late Mesozoic are very important reservoirs for the commercial natural gases including hydrocarbon, carbon dioxide and rare gases in the northern Songliao Basin. The reservoir volcanic rocks include rhyolite, andesite, trachyte, basalt and tuff. Facies of the volcanic rocks can be classified into 5 categories and 15 special types. Porosity and permeability of the volcanic reservoirs are facies-controlled. Commercial reservoirs were commonly found among the following volcanic subfacies: volcanic neck (I1) , underground-explosive breccia (I3), pyroclastic-bearing lava flow (II3), upper effusive (III3) and inner extrusive ones (IV1). The best volcanic reservoirs are generally evolved in the interbedded explosive and effusive volcanics. Rhyolites show in general better reservoir features than other types of rocks do.     

电磁波透视法在大龙洞水库查漏中的应用

文章介绍了跨孔电磁波透视法探测岩溶水库渗漏位置的基本原理和方法技术，并阐述了该法在国内较典型的且渗漏特别严重的岩溶水库──广西上林大龙洞水库查漏堵漏工程中的应用，效果非常显著。     

Knowledge based systems for risk assessment of the subsurface of contaminated sites

Computer-based risk evaluation methods are practical tools to compare automatically and evaluate contaminated sites. HYDRISK is an example of adequate knowledge-based systems: HYDRISK evaluates hydrogeological properties and chemical criteria relevant to contaminant transport with respect to the necessary remedial actions. It works at a high investigative level and enables geologists and engineers to draw differentiated conclusions for selecting remediation methods for the contaminated site. HYDRISK emphasizes space and time dependent aspects of the contaminant transport. It is supported by a geographic information system (GIS) to display the evaluation results. Some ideas on considering the spatiotemporal variability of relevant parameters by means of geostatistical methods and numerical models will be given.     

Research on regional comprehensive development in developed regions —The case of Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou area

The developed regions are faced with the problems of regional comprehensive development, and the research on regional comprehensive development has become a trend in the world. To optimize regional industrial structure and to select and determine scientifically the spatial development strategy of regional industries are the central themes to be solved for the research on regional comprehensive development in the developed regions. This paper proposed the basis for optimizing regional industrial structure, and the main factors of selecting and determining the regional leading industries. Based on this, the paper puts forward the leading industries and the spatial development strategy in Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou area in the future ten or more years. Combined with the situation of Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou area, the paper also discusses some problems of locating superior developing axis to benefit the rational distribution of regional productive forces.     

推覆构造的特征及其与油气的关系

推覆构造是地壳中广泛发育的一种构造型式。逆冲断层常成带地平行排列,形成逆冲带和叠瓦构造。断层多呈上陡下缓或阶梯状,底部常有滑脱构造,并在深处常收敛在一个基底逆冲断层上。推覆构造还常与飞来峰、构造窗、叠瓦构造、牵引褶皱、后冲断层和平移断层等构造现象一起产出。推覆构造不仅扩大了找油的领域,它本身对油气的生成、储集、运移、圈闭和保存条件都有着重要的影响。虽然它们有时可造成某些对油气藏不利的因素,但更经常地则是造成油气藏形成的有利条件。当然,影响油气藏形成的因素十分广泛,它不仅限于推覆构造本身的某些特征,同时还决定于许多其它地质条件。因此,不同推覆构造或同一推覆构造的不同部位,其含油气远景也是很不相同的。     

Modeling of complex multi-aquifer systems for groundwater resources evaluation—Swidnica study case (Poland)

An example of groundwater resources evaluation methodology by numerical modeling in the complex, unconsolidated, multi-aquifer system of the Swidnica area (~627 km²) is presented. In this study Groundwater Modeling System (GMS) was used to develop a conceptual model on the basis of data from several hundred boreholes and to calibrate a numerical, multi-aquifer model. A steady state calibration was performed using historical natural groundwater table (quasi-natural simulation) data and abundant pumping test transmissivity data. The calibrated recharge was first spatially distributed based on surface lithology and then adjusted until a good match between calculated and measured heads was obtained. The quasi-natural simulation budget input of ~165,000 m³/day consisted of 40.5% of lateral inflow from the SW fault model boundary, 34.5% of average net recharge from precipitation, 13% of infiltration from the Mietkowskie Lake and 12% of river infiltration. The budget output (the same as input) consisted of ~ 88% of river drainage and ~ 12% of lateral outflow. The final, abstraction-influenced simulation representing the current stationary condition was used to verify the model by cross referencing present well drawdowns with well abstractions and by comparison of the groundwater discharge to the rivers with the field baseflow measurements. In this simulation, the total well abstraction of ~53,000 m³/d resulted in 9% increase in overall water balance up to ~180,000 m³/day, 38% increased river infiltration, 24% reduced river drainage, 17% reduced lateral outflow and ~3 times increased downward leakage to the deepest, productive aquifer. The Swidnica study case shows an example, which analyzes an impact of well abstractions on the decline of groundwater table and river discharges, concluding that reserves of renewable water resources are still available. It shows also, that by setting up a conceptual model within the numerical model environment and by applying a quasi-3D solution, complex multi-aquifer systems can be well and efficiently modeled.

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Resumen Se presenta un ejemplo de metodología de evaluación de recursos de aguas aubterráneas por medio de modelación numérica en el sistema multi-acuífero, complejo, no consolidado del área de Swidnica (~627 km2). Em este estudio se utilizó un sistema de modelamiento de aguas subterráneas (GMS) para desarrollar un modelo conceptual sobre la base de datos de varios cientos de pozos y para calibrar un modelo multi-acuífero numérico. Se llevó a cabo calibración de un estado constante mediante el uso de datos históricos del manto de aguas subterráneas (simulación casi natural) y de abundantes datos de transmisividad de las pruebas de bombeo. En primer lugar se distribuyó la recarga calibrada en base a la litología de superficie y luego se ajustó hasta obtener una buena correlación entre las cimas calculadas y las medidas. El casi natural presupuesto en la simulación de ~165,000 m3/día consistió de 40.5 % de influjo lateral del límite del modelo de la falla SO, 34.5% de recarga neta promedio de precipitación, 13 % de infiltración del lago Mietkowskie y 12% de infiltración de los ríos. El presupuesto de los productos (output) (igual que el input)consistió de ~ 88 % de drenaje de los ríos y ~ 12 % de flujo lateral. La simulación final, influida por la abstracción, que representa la condición estacionaria actual se utilizó para verificar el modelo mediante la verificación cruzada de los conos de abstracción actuales con abstracciones de los pozos y mediante la comparación de la descarga de aguas subterráneas a los ríos con las medidas de flujo de base de terreno. En esta simulación, la abstracción total de los pozos de ~53,000 m3/d dio como resultado un incremento de 9 % en el balance de gua total de hasta ~180,000 m3/día, un incremento de 38 % infiltración de los ríos, una reducción de 24 % del drenaje a los ríos, una reducción de 17 % del eflujo lateral y un incremento de ~3 veces de filtración hacia abajo al acuífero má profundo productivo. El caso de estudio Swidnica muestra un ejemplo que analiza el impacto de las instalaciones de abstraccion de pozos sobre el decrecimiento del mato de aguas subterráneas y descargas de ríos. Sin embargo, la conclusión es que las reservas de recursos aguas renovables están disponibles todavía. También muestra que los sistemas multi-acuíferos complejos se puede modelar eficientemente y satisfactoriamente al establecer un modelo conceptual dentro del ambiente de un modelo numérico y mediante la aplicación de soluciones casi 3D.

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Resumé Un exemple méthodologique dévaluation des ressources en eau souterraine par modélisation numérique dun système aquifère multiple complexe et non-consolidé de la région de Swidnica (~627 km2) est présenté. Le système de modélisation de leau souterraine GMS (Groundwater Modeling System) est utilisé afin de développer un modèle conceptuel basé sur les données provenant de plusieurs centaines de puits, ainsi que pour caler le modèle numérique daquifère multiple. Une calibration en régime permanent a été effectuée en utilisant les données historiques du niveau naturel de la nappe phréatique (simulation quasi-naturelle) et les données de transmissivité provenant de nombreux essais de pompage. La recharge calibrée a été obtenue en utilisant dabord des valeurs spatiallement distribuées en fonction de la lithologie de surface qui ont par la suite été ajustées jusquà ce quune bonne correspondance entre les charges mesurées et simulées soit obtenue. Le bilan des intrants deau pour la simulation quasi-naturelle de ~165,000 m3/j est réparti comme suit: 40.5% provenant dentrée deau latérale le long de la limite sud-ouest du modèle qui représente une faille, 34.5% de recharge moyenne nette provenant des précipitations, 13% dinfiltration provenant du lac Mietkowskie et 12% dinfiltration provenant de rivières. Le bilan des extrants deau qui forme le même volume que les intrants est réparti entre ~88% de drainage par les rivières et ~12% découlement latéral. La simulation finale influencée par le captage qui représente les conditions actuelles a été utilisée afin de vérifier le modèle en comparant le rabattement actuel avec le captage des puits et en comparant lécoulement deau vers les rivières avec les valeurs découlement de base des rivières mesurées sur le terrain. Dans cette simulation, le total deau pompé (~53,000 m3/j) produit une augmentation de 9% dans le bilan deau total qui devient ~180,000 m3/j, une augmentation de 38% dinfiltration par les rivières, une réduction de 24% du drainage par les rivières, une réduction de 17% de lécoulement de sortie latéral et une augmentation denviron 3 fois du drainage vers le bas vers laquifère le plus productif. Létude de cas de Swidnica montre un exemple qui analyse limpact dinstallation de puits de captage sur le déclin de la nappe phréatique et sur la décharge dans les rivières, en concluant par contre, que les réserves en eau renouvelable sont toujours disponibles. Cet exemple montre également quen construisant un modèle conceptuel avec un environnement de modèle numérique et quen appliquant une solution quasi 3D, les systèmes multiaquifères complexes peuvent être bien et efficacement modélisés.

     

Bayesian Discovery Process Modeling of the Lower and Middle Jurassic Play of the Halten Terrace,Offshore Norway,as Compared with the Previous Modeling

A Bayesian version of the discovery process model was applied to the pre-rift Lower and Middle Jurassic play of the Halten Terrace, Mid-Norway. The Bayesian approach estimates the lognormal parameters, the discoverability parameter, and the distribution of sizes of the undiscovered fields as well as the play potential, conditioned on a discovery sequence averaging for all possible prior choices weighted by their likelihood. This approach avoids the problem of having to make arbitrary choices for the parameters. The estimates of parameters and play potential based upon the present methodology compares well with previous estimates, if the play is divided into two sub-plays representing the overpressured and normally pressured zones. These sub-plays have been estimated independently and aggregated in order to get the total undiscovered resource potential. This study estimates that the expected remaining play potential is 100 × 10⁶Sm³ o.e., about 9% of the total resources in the play. There is however a 90% chance that the remaining potential ranges from 13 to 282× 10⁶ Sm³ o.e. and a 5% possibility of exceeding this value.     

Spatial Distribution of Fractures in the Asmari Formation of Iran in Subsurface Environment: Effect of Lithology and Petrophysical Properties

The distribution of fractures and its dependence on lithology and petrophysical properties of rock in the Asmari Formation were examined using three wells data of one of the largest oil fields of southwestern Iran. Fractures were measured on cut cores. Mineral content and petrophysical data were obtained through thin section study and core plug measurement respectively. Influence of mineral composition and petrophysical property of rocks on fracture density was explored statistically. Increasing quartz (sand) and anhydrite content of rocks decrease and dolomite increases the threshold of fracture densities, however no significant relation was observed between calcite content of rock and fracture density. Increasing porosity and permeability of rock decrease the threshold of fracture density in some of the defined lithology groups. There are significant differences between the lithology groups in terms of fracture density, although the results in the three wells are not the same. In whole data, the highest fracture density can be observed in dolostone. Limestone and impure carbonates hold broader spaced fractures and sandstones display the least fracture density. The average fracture densities in the wells are strictly different. These differences are the result of the structural position of the wells and also the trend of the well and fractures. The distribution of fractures in most lithology groups can be explained by the function: , where F is relative frequency, D is fracture density and a, b, and c are constants.     

高煤级煤储层煤层气产能“瓶颈”问题研究

基于山西沁水盆地高煤级煤储层宏观裂隙、显微裂隙的连续观测,孔隙的系统测量,结合应力渗透率、气-水相对渗透率、吸附膨胀等实验成果,分析了高煤级煤储层三级渗流特征,探讨了有效应力和煤基质收缩对高煤级煤储层渗透率的耦合作用,系统揭示了在地面排水降压开发煤层气的过程中,高煤级煤储层初期产气量高,数月后急剧衰减之“瓶颈”现象,找出了造成高煤级煤储层产气缺陷的根本原因。鉴于高煤级煤储层物性的特殊性,指出了高煤级煤储层煤层气开发的技术和措施。     

加强高土石坝抗震研究的现实意义及工作展望

围绕西部大开发和南水北调战略的需要,对高土石坝抗震研究的现实意义和若干关键问题及研究现状进行了论述。并针对高土石坝震害资料获取与整理、坝料动力特性研究、多耦合非线性动力分析理论和方法、动力破损特征与地震灾害机理、地震安全评价与震害预测的基本理论、抗震设计及抗震措施、震灾机理和抗震理论的动力模型试验等研究提出了工作设想和展望,并提出了建立土石坝地震安全评价及防灾对策专家系统的基本思路。