雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩中地幔柱型岩浆作用——来自氦、氩同位素的证据

雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩的氦、氩同位素组成分别是：蛇绿岩中变质橄榄岩的^3He/^4He比值为1．104-3．384Ra,平均为2．383Ra;玄武岩的He同位素组成比较均一,^3He/^4He平均值为5．359 Ra;辉绿岩的^3He／^4He比值变化较大,为1—5Ra。由于各岩石样品有不同程度的蚀变,造成放射性成因He的加入,因此大多数样品He同位素组成比低于亏损地幔大洋中脊玄武岩的值(MORB≈8Ra),不能真实反映源区特征。而采自吉定的辉绿岩样品^3He/^4He比值平均高达31．57Ra,与夏威夷发现的热点地幔源区的样品比值接近;分步加热法进一步测试,其高比值的He是在低温区段释放的。这种高^3He/^4He比值He的捕获,表明雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩形成时存在地幔柱型富集地幔岩浆作用。     

Proterozoic–Paleozoic development of the basement of the Central Andes (18–26°S) — a mobile belt of the South American craton

The Late Precambrian–Early Paleozoic metamorphic basement forms a volumetrically important part of the Andean crust. We investigated its evolution in order to subdivide the area between 18 and 26°S into crustal domains by means of petrological and age data (Sm–Nd isochrons, K–Ar). The metamorphic crystallization ages and t_DM ages are not consistent with growth of the Pacific margin north of the Argentine Precordillera by accretion of exotic terranes, but favor a model of a mobile belt of the Pampean Cycle. Peak metamorphic conditions in all scattered outcrop areas between 18 and 26°S are similar and reached the upper amphibolite facies conditions indicated by mineral paragensis and the occurrence of migmatite. Sm–Nd mineral isochrons yielded 525±10, 505±6 and 509±1 Ma for the Chilean Coast Range, the Chilean Precordillera and the Argentine Puna, and 442±9 and 412±18 Ma for the Sierras Pampeanas. Conventional K–Ar cooling age data of amphibole and mica cluster around 400 Ma, but are frequently reset by Late Paleozoic and Jurassic magmatism. Final exhumation of the Early Paleozoic orogen is confirmed by Devonian erosional unconformities. Sm–Nd depleted mantle model ages of felsic rocks from the metamorphic basement range from 1.4 to 2.2 Ga, in northern Chile the average is 1.65±0.16 Ga (1σ; n=12), average t_DM of both gneiss and metabasite in NW Argentina is 1.76±0.4 Ga (1σ; n=22), and the isotopic composition excludes major addition of juvenile mantle derived material during the Early Paleozoic metamorphic and magmatic cycle. These new data indicate a largely similar development of the metamorphic basement south of the Arequipa Massif at 18°S and north of the Argentine Precordillera at 28°S. Variations of metamorphic grade and of ages of peak metamorphism are of local importance. The protolith was derived from Early to Middle Proterozoic cratonic areas, similar to the Proterozoic rocks from the Arequipa Massif, which had undergone Grenvillian metamorphism at ca. 1.0 Ga.     

Skarn Mineral and Stable Isotopic Characteristics of Tonglushan Cu-Fe Deposit in Hubei Province

湖北大冶铜绿山铜铁矿床是长江中下游西段鄂东南矿集区一个大型夕卡岩矿床.围岩为三叠系大理岩及白云质大理岩,决定了其发育丰富的钙镁质复合夕卡岩矿物组合,包括石榴子石、辉石、角闪石、绿帘石、金云母、绿泥石等.本文详细描述了夕卡岩不同阶段矿物的特征,并对矿物进行了电子探针分析(EPMA)及碳、氧、硫稳定同位素研究.结果表明石榴子石形成于三期,成分上属于钙铝—钙铁系列,且从早到晚具有从钙铝向钙铁榴石演化趋势,反映出成矿溶液由酸性向碱性演化.环带结构的石榴子石和绿帘石从核部到边部Fe含量增高,说明磁铁矿是在Fe浓度升高的碱性溶液中沉淀.辉石为透辉石.角闪石属于单斜角闪石中的钙质角闪石,包括透闪石,韭闪石和少量阳起石.矿物成分分析表明辉石和石榴子石的Mn/Fe值与矿化金属元素存在一定的联系.相对于钙质夕卡岩,镁质或含镁质夕卡岩是铜铁矿体交代的更有利岩石.矿床硫化物的δ34 SV-CDT均为正值且变化范围较窄,介于0.6‰～3.8‰.成矿阶段方解石δ13CV-PDB变化于-2.9‰～6.3‰,δ18OV-SMOW变化于9.6‰ ～ 12.6‰,成矿后方解石的同位素值明显增大,δ13CV-PDB为-0.9‰ ～ 1.3‰,δ18OV-SMOW为15.2‰ ～ 17.3‰,趋向于围岩的同位素值.研究结果说明成矿阶段的硫和碳来自于深源或地幔,而成矿后期碳与地层发生明显的同位素交换反应.     

西藏冈底斯中段雄村铜金矿床成矿流体特征与成因探讨

雄村铜金矿是在西藏冈底斯中段新发现的一个矿床,流体包裹体组成分析揭示该矿床成矿流体为富含CO2、N2和有机气体的Na _K _Ca2 _Cl-_SO2-4_HS-_CO2-3体系,Na/K、Na/Ca和Cl-/SO2-4摩尔比值分别为1.5～7.1、0.2～2.1和1.0～29.3。氢、氧同位素分析显示,成矿流体δ18O值范围为-4.7‰～ 2.2‰,δD值范围为-104‰～-82‰,表明成矿流体以大气水为主,但岩浆流体可能也对矿床的形成起了重要作用。硫化物硫同位素组成也显示硫主要来自深源岩浆,雄村矿床高盐度流体的形成可能与岩浆流体的低压不混溶密切相关。高盐度流体是雄村贱金属元素活化、迁移的重要介质;地下水中高的有机质还原SO2是诱发贱金属沉淀成矿的重要机制。有机质还原SO2也为Au的活化、迁移提供了介质和有利的还原环境。雄村矿床的形成与岩浆流体和循环地下水共同作用有关,浅部稳定的热体制和高的有机质还原SO2机制是形成雄村矿床特殊蚀变矿化样式的重要原因。     

郯庐断裂带及邻区构造组合研究

地壳岩石圈中的各种构造要素是相互关联和相互依存的。本文从构造变形场的角度 ,分别分析和总结了郯庐断裂带及邻区伸展构造组合、挤缩构造组合、走滑构造组合和垂直构造组合的不同类型 ,分析了相同构造活动期不同部位构造组合的并列和干涉 ,以及不同构造活动期构造组合的叠加复合。对构造组合的分析和归并 ,实现了大中小型构造的衔接 ,对油气构造的成藏控制机制分析及油气资源的预测和评价具有重要的指导意义。     

南方地区页岩气储层工业组分与有机碳测井计算方法

通过南方地区页岩气藏的储层特征和赋存方式的研究,认为页岩各组分含量的准确计算直接关系到含气量评价的精度.以南方3个工区计74块岩心样品组分分析实验为基础,提出页岩的五元工业组分体积模型和体积含量计算方法.对其中表征页岩含气性最关键组分——干酪根（有机碳）含量,分别建立与三孔隙度、电阻率、铀元素等5条测井曲线的线性关系.通过有机碳敏感性分析,引入两种多元回归计算有机碳含量方法,确定了适用于3个南方地区有机碳含量的公式.3口探井应用实例表明该方法符合页岩气藏的实际,提高了页岩气层各组分含量的计算精度,取得了预期的地质效果.     

Activity of comets at large heliocentric distances pre-perihelion

We present observational data for two long-period and three dynamically new comets observed at heliocentric distances between 5.8 to 14.0 AU. All of the comets exhibited activity beyond the distance at which water ice sublimation can be significant. We have conducted experiments on gas-laden amorphous ice samples and show that considerable gas emission occurs when the ice is heated below the temperature of the amorphous-crystalline ice phase transition (T∼137 K). We propose that annealing of amorphous water ice is the driver of activity in comets as they first enter the inner Solar System. Experimental data show that large grains can be ejected at low velocity during annealing and that the rate of brightening of the comet should decrease as the heliocentric distance decreases. These results are consistent with both historical observations of distant comet activity and with the data presented here. If observations of the onset of activity in a dynamically new comet are ever made, the distance at which this occurs would be a sensitive indicator of the temperature at which the comet had formed or represents the maximum temperature that it has experienced. New surveys such as Pan STARRS, may be able to detect these comets while they are still inactive.     

陕西柞水—山阳成矿带中酸性小岩体的地球化学研究

本成矿带内中酸性小岩体均为浅成—超浅成相、高温条件下岩浆结晶的产物。根据岩体及矿床中硫同位素、铅同位素成分及全岩稀土元素组成特征,判断成岩物质来源于地壳深部或上地慢。来自岩浆熔体的热水溶液是导致成矿的重要因素。     

陆生蜗牛壳体碳氧同位素组成与气候

陆生蜗牛响应气候环境变化敏感,其壳体化石碳氧同位素组成（δ¹³C和δ¹⁸O）具有重建古生态和古大气水文条件的巨大潜力。然而目前针对中国黄土古土壤沉积序列中蜗牛化石碳氧同位素组成开展的古环境古气候重建研究却仍然不足,根源在于对蜗牛壳体δ¹³C和δ¹⁸O指标气候意义的认识仍不明确。文章从现代过程研究着手,综述了目前有关蜗牛壳体δ¹³C和δ¹⁸O气候环境意义的研究进展,并指出各自指标存在受控因子的复杂性和多解性等问题。通过总结这些研究认为：陆生蜗牛壳体δ¹³C值主要通过反映植物（尤其C₃）δ¹³C值变化来进一步响应当地降水量变化,进而指示环境的干湿程度,但同时需要考虑环境碳酸盐、大气CO₂等额外因子对壳体δ¹³C的影响;壳体δ¹⁸O值可以在较大程度上反映大气降水δ¹⁸O值变化,但同时需要考虑蒸发作用和温度等因素对壳体δ¹⁸O的影响;壳体δ¹³C和δ¹⁸O在作为气候指标时常受区域和蜗牛种属等因素影响。此外,还介绍了目前中国北方黄土地层中蜗牛壳体化石稳定同位素组成重建季风变化的研究进展和近十年来有关蜗牛壳体团簇同位素新方法的研究进展。最后,论文针对壳体δ¹³C和δ¹⁸O指标存在的问题提出可能的解决办法,并对以后蜗牛碳氧同位素古环境研究方向进行展望。

     

地质符号的计算机图形学定义

地质符号一般均有其特定的图形特征和表示意义，用以表达地质制图中所涉及的具体或抽象的地质对象。本文对地质符号（尤其是岩性符号）的有关计算机图形学方法进行了分析和比较，并在对各种地质符号的分析研究基础上提出了一种地质符号（岩性符号）的计算机图形学定义的新的综合性方法—图元组合法及其分区编码方案