A general approach to the modelling of contaminant transport through composite landfill liners with intact or leaking geomembranes

Finite‐element models of contaminant transport through composite landfill liners require highly refined meshes around the interface between the geomembrane and the clay layer, especially if leakage through holes in the geomembrane is considered. In addition, no general formulation for transport through leaking geomembranes can be found in the literature. The paper develops a general approach to time‐dependent contaminant migration through composite liners with intact or leaking geomembranes. Equations are derived for various combinations of system conditions including Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions in the waste, constant mass of contaminants in the waste, steady state or transient transport in the geomembrane, and steady state or transient seepage velocities in the mineral liner. The effect of the geomembrane on transport in the soil is converted into an equivalent boundary condition applicable at the top of the clay layer. Hence, only the media underlying the top geomembrane are explicitly represented in the numerical model, yielding a computationally efficient algorithm. The new formulation is validated in conjunction with finite‐layer, finite‐element and boundary‐element methods, by comparing its predictions to those of more conventional approaches which represent the geomembrane explicitly. The scope of the method is illustrated by modelling a landfill liner with a geomembrane leaking in five locations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

用塑料薄膜袋进行一级藻种培养的研究

本文主要介绍用塑料薄膜袋代替1—2×1O~4mL细口瓶来进行饵料一级藻种培养,此法保证了扇贝育苗所需大量饵料的优质藻种,简单易行。 Ⅰ.材料与方法 Ⅰ.1.制袋的材料和方法 采用直径30cm,长度120cm的聚乙烯透明     

泸西县烤烟面积遥感监测最佳时相的选择

烤烟与玉米的叶片光谱特征非常相似,不利于烤烟的遥感识别。烟苗移栽后的烟田地膜可作为烤烟识别的特征标志。基于泸西县烤烟与玉米物候特征的差异,以他们的植被覆盖度和地膜可视度的时间演变规律为依据,分析得知5月下旬至6月初是烤烟面积遥感监测的最佳时段。在此基础上选择两个时相的TM影像,综合利用自动分类和人工判读的方法,对泸西县的烤烟面积进行了遥感监测。并采用烤烟面积的统计数据检验了遥感监测的精度,结果表明各个乡镇中烤烟面积遥感监测的最高偏差率为12.4%,最低偏差率为5.6%,平均偏差率为9.7%,能够满足实际应用的需要。研究结果对于烤烟种植条件相似的地区有一定的参考指导作用。     

考虑土体非线性的CCSG桩复合地基固结解

混凝土芯砂石桩（CCSG）桩复合地基是一种新型多元复合地基。通过引入地基土体的e-lgσ和e-lgk对数模型,考虑地基土体固结过程中压缩模量和渗透系数非线性变化的特征,推导出基于等应变假设的CCSG桩复合地基非线性固结解析解,且现有的考虑土体非线性的砂井固结解和碎石桩复合地基固结解均是文中解的特例。根据该解析解得到桩土模量比、土体压缩指数与渗透指数比、荷载增量等无量纲参数变化时,CCSG桩复合地基的固结度曲线。分析结果表明,按应力和按变形定义的两种固结度不相等,通常按变形定义的固结速度较快;土体压缩模量和渗透系数的非线性变化对固结影响较大。最后通过和由实测数据获得的固结度曲线对比,验证了解析解的正确性。     

黑色地膜对马铃薯产量及土壤质量的影响

在半湿润的南京地区,以微型马铃薯荷兰七号为指示作物,采用平地起垄覆膜的种植方式,分别选用黑色地膜（BM）与普通白色地膜（WM）做比较,并以不覆膜的平地作为对照（CK）,分析不同处理对微型马铃薯生理指标、产量以及种植区土壤质量的影响.发现BM处理下微型马铃薯的淀粉质量分数和产量最高,较WM处理增产31.1%,较CK增产43.7%;覆膜处理显著降低了耕层土壤的速效钾质量分数,BM处理下耕层土壤的速效磷质量分数最低,但土壤铵态氮与硝态氮质量分数显著高于其他处理;覆膜处理有效提高了微型马铃薯出苗期的耕层土壤含水量,BM处理下微型马铃薯生育期内的表层土壤温度明显低于WM,且高于对照,对微型马铃薯的生长更有利.     

化学固沙材料研究进展及展望

作为三大治沙措施之一,化学固沙措施能够使流沙表面迅速地形成防风蚀的固沙层,受到广泛的关注。无机类化学固沙材料、有机类化学固沙材料及有机-无机复合类化学固沙材料等三大类化学固沙材料为化学固沙措施提供宽阔的发展空间,但各自也存在着缺点和不足。因此,研究和开发具有耐水蚀、耐冻融、耐风蚀及抗紫外线辐射性能、对环境没有污染及对植物无副作用、成本低廉的固沙材料是今后化学固沙材料的发展方向。     

RW水泥速凝早强剂在钻探护壁堵漏施工中的应用与研究

针对复杂地层钻进水泥护壁待凝时间长、效果差的问题,通过大量室内试验,进行复合速凝早强剂的配制,作为水泥护壁堵漏外加剂,投入多个矿区不同矿种钻探施工中使用,实现候凝时间短、凝结时间可控、效果好,经济效益和社会效益明显。     

2-D Composite Model for Numerical Simulations of Nonlinear Waves

—A composite model,which is the combination of Boussinesq equations and Volume of Fluid(VOF)method,has been developed for 2-D time-domain computations of nonlinear waves in a large re-gion.The whole computational region Ω is divided into two subregions.In the near-field around a struc-ture,Ω_2,the flow is governed by 2-D Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations with a turbulenceclosure model of k-εequations and numerically solved by the improved VOF method;whereas in thesubregion Ω_1(Ω_1=Ω-Ω_2) the flow is governed by one-D Boussinesq equations and numerically solvedwith the predictor-corrector algorithm.The velocity and the wave surface elevation are matched on thecommon boundary of the two subregions.Numerical tests have been conducted for the case of wave propa-gation and interaction with a wave barrier.It is shown that the composite model can help perform efficientcomputation of nonlinear waves in a large region with the complicated flow fields near structures taken in-to account.     

大电流密度下阴极产物膜的探讨

在室内和现场不同大电流密度下形成阴极产物膜，通过观察膜的形貌、厚度、强度、分析成份，对其进行电位衰变试验、阴极极化试验、生锈试验及维持保护电流试验，进行分析比较，同时对涂层和阴极保护联合防腐时涂层破损、剥落处阴极产物膜的形成，及其对电流密度、保护电位的影响作了探讨。本文还对阴极产物膜的应用价值，以及在阴极保护中应用的可能性作了阐述。     

加芯水泥土桩复合地基桩土应力比计算方法研究

桩土应力比是研究复合地基的一项重要参数,目前的研究对象主要为常规复合地基,如搅拌桩、碎石桩等,而针对加芯水泥土桩的计算方法研究鲜有报道。从土体、水泥土及复合桩体单元变形模式出发,综合考虑桩体负摩阻力、桩顶和桩端刺入持力层的情况,分析了桩周土体、水泥土桩及复合桩体的压缩变形,导出了刚性基础下加芯水泥土桩复合地基芯桩、水泥土桩与土体3者之间的应力比的计算公式。并分析了加芯水泥土桩芯桩直径、芯桩桩长及水泥土桩桩长对桩土应力比的影响,其主要影响表现在随着加芯水泥土桩芯桩直径和桩长及水泥土桩桩长的增加,桩土应力比np亦逐渐提高。工程实例表明,计算结果与实测值具有较好的一致性,说明该方法具有一定的工程实用性,可为工程实践提供指导。