Place,Learning Progressions,and Progress

This commentary response reflects on the thoughts offered by Solem, Mohan, Rawling, and Lambert regarding Larsen and Harrington's article titled “Developing a Learning Progression for Place” (2018).     

大规模图中低复杂度分布式算法浅析

近年来大规模图分析问题在网络大数据领域发挥着重要作用.经典的图分析问题包括求图的直径、半径、围长、聚类系数、紧密中心度和介数中心度等.集中式算法求解这些图计算问题一般都需要问题规模的平方甚至立方以上复杂度,显然不适用于大规模图.本文旨在从分布式算法角度介绍对这些基本图计算问题具有最坏性能保证的低复杂度（线性时间）算法.此外,本文还将介绍如何通过通信复杂性理论证明分布式图计算问题的下界.     

三维完全欧氏距离变换的改进算法

三维欧氏距离变换是对由黑白像素构成的三维二值图像中所有像素找出其到最近黑色像素的欧氏距离。在对现有三维欧氏距离变换算法进行深入研究的基础上,充分利用二维欧氏距离变换的结果,进一步减少参与距离计算和比较的黑点个数,进而提出了三维完全欧氏距离变换的改进算法。整个算法的时间复杂度为O((n3log n)/φ(n))。并将该改进算法应用于海底污染源的扩散分析,取得了较好的效果。     

中国城市知识复杂性的空间特征及影响研究

学者和政策制定者一致认为“知识”是推动经济长期增长的关键因素之一,且并非所有知识都具有相同价值。然而,经济地理学一直致力于计量知识的投入和产出,而忽视评估知识质量。为此,首先借鉴Hidalgo等的“双峰网络模型”构建了知识复杂性的测度模型,并根据中国知识产权局1986-2015年间的14349355条专利记录,依照122项专利分类识别中国城市的技术结构。将中国城市知识复杂性的分布、集聚特征和演化过程地图化,以探索知识的空间分布及其复杂性的关联。结果表明：① 具有最复杂技术结构的城市未必是那些专利申请率最高的城市,说明强调知识的数量与质量并重,有助于科学衡量中国知识的生产格局;② 知识复杂性在中国呈不均匀分布,其空间集聚显著,演化过程显示热点区域“南下”态势明显;③ 专利转移数据进一步证明,知识复杂性越高的城市,其知识的空间粘性越大,越不易流动,因此将区域知识结构从低复杂度转化为高复杂度将有助于地区重塑自身优势。     

Measuring complexity in OGC web services XML schemas: pragmatic use and solutions

The use of standards in the geospatial domain, such as those defined by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), for exchanging data has brought a great deal of interoperability upon which systems can be built in a reliable way. Unfortunately, these standards are becoming increasingly complex, making their implementation an arduous task. The use of appropriate software metrics can be very useful to quantify different properties of the standards that ultimately may suggest different solutions to deal with problems related to their complexity. In this regard, we present in this article an attempt to measure the complexity of the schemas associated with the OGC implementation specifications. We use a comprehensive set of metrics to provide a multidimensional view of this complexity. These metrics can be used to evaluate the impact of design decisions, study the evolution of schemas, and so on. We also present and evaluate different solutions that could be applied to overcome some of the problems associated with the complexity of the schemas.     

城市空间扩展的自组织特征与规划管控效应评估——以北京市为例

城市空间自组织是一种潜在的城市发展机制。当前中国正处于快速城市化进程中,正确认识和发挥自组织机制,有效复合空间规划的管控效应,将对城市空间良性扩展至关重要。通过构建空间逻辑斯蒂模型,阐释了城市空间扩展的基本机制,定量诠释了城市空间扩展在“面状”空间规划与“点线状”交通基础设施规划引导下呈现出连续性和复杂性并存的自组织特征。“面状”空间规划体现在区位择优发展、临近建成区拓展等规律,“点线状”交通基础设施规划主要表现为城市空间扩展的不完全预知性。在此基础上,采用相同模型对研究区全域、城市规划建设区、非城市规划建设区进行对比研究,进一步揭示了“面状”空间规划对城市空间扩展的强制性管控作用和“点线状”交通基础设施规划的空间引导作用。因此,为了有效预防规划失效并引导城市空间的良性增长,应当科学使用、谨慎布局“面状”空间规划,需要构建一套顾及城市空间自组织机制,以自下而上的“点线状”交通基础设施规划为基础,并充分发挥好自上而下的“面状”空间规划强制管制功能与“点线面”相协调的综合管控方案。     

Terrain complexity and uncertainties in grid‐based digital terrain analysis

The objective of this research is to study the relationship between terrain complexity and terrain analysis results from grid‐based digital elevation models (DEMs). The impact of terrain complexity represented by terrain steepness and orientation on derived parameters such as slope and aspect has been analysed. Experiments have been conducted to quantify the uncertainties created by digital terrain analysis algorithms. The test results show that (a) the RMSE of derived slope and aspect is negatively correlated with slope steepness; (b) the RMSE of derived aspect is more sensitive to terrain complexity than that of derived slope; and (c) the uncertainties in derived slope and aspect tend to be found in flatter areas, and decrease with increasing terrain complexity. The study shows that although primary surface parameters can be well defined mathematically, the implementation of those mathematical models in a GIS environment may generate considerable uncertainties related to terrain complexity. In general, when terrain is rugged with steep slopes, the uncertainty of derived parameters is quite minimal. While in flatter areas, the DEM‐based derivatives, particularly the aspect, may contain a great amount of uncertainty, causing significant limitation in applying the analytical results.     

A comparison of digital elevation models generated from different data sources

It can be challenging to accurately determine the topography of physically complex landscapes in remote areas. Ground-based surveys can be difficult, time consuming and may miss significant elements of the landscape. This study compares digital elevation models (DEMs) generated from three different data sources, of the physically complex Narran Lakes Ecosystem, a major floodplain wetland ecosystem in Australia. Topographic surfaces were generated from an airborne laser altimetry (LiDAR) survey, a ground-based differential GPS (DGPS) survey containing more than 20,000 points, and the 9″ DEM of Australia. The LiDAR- and DGPS-derived data generated a more thorough DEM than the 9″ DEM; however, LiDAR generated a surface topography that yielded significantly more detail than the DGPS survey, with no noticeable loss of elevational accuracy. Both the LiDAR- and the DGPS-derived DEMs compute the overall surface area and volume of the largest floodplain lake within the system to within 1% of each other. LiDAR is shown to be a highly accurate and robust technique for acquiring large quantities of topographic data, even in locations that are unsuitable for ground surveying and where the overall landscape is of exceptionally low relief. The results of this study highlight the potential for LiDAR surveys in the accurate determination of the topography of floodplain wetlands. These data can form an important component of water resource management decisions, particularly where environmental water allocations for these important ecosystems need to be determined.     

城市间技术邻近的类型及其知识溢出的差异——基于知识复杂度的视角

随着全球城市创新网络的日益密切,区域创新研究开始由城市本地创新转向网络视角下城市间的知识溢出。本文使用专利数据测度了中国278个地级及以上城市间技术邻近水平,在此基础上引入知识复杂度分析框架讨论城市间技术邻近的不同类型,并利用2007—2019年的城市面板数据实证检验了基于不同类型技术邻近的知识溢出的差异。研究发现：① 城市间的技术邻近与城市知识多样性和遍在性有关,多样化和专业且遍在化的知识结构更容易在城市间产生技术邻近;② 城市间技术邻近与知识存量不存在显著的相关关系,但受到知识结构的影响而呈现出不同类型,具有多样化知识结构特征的城市间技术邻近平均程度最高且内部差异最小;③ 基于不同类型技术邻近的知识溢出有较大差异,与知识遍在性相比,知识多样性所带来的技术邻近更有利于城市间的知识溢出,在知识多样性的基础上,知识遍在性会强化这种效应。