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171.
Based on gradient transport theory or K-theory, turbulent transport in the atmosphere has long been parameterized using the
eddy diffusivity. Due to its simplicity, this approach has often been applied in many numerical models but rarely tested with
observations. Here, the widely used O’Brien cubic polynomial approach has been validated together with an exponential approach
against eddy diffusivity profiles determined from measurements and from large-eddy simulation data in stable conditions. Verification
is completed by analyzing the variability effects on pollutant concentrations of two different vertical diffusion (K(z)) schemes incorporated in an atmospheric chemical model. It is shown that the analytical, exponential solution agrees better
with observations than the O’Brien profile and should be used henceforth in practical applications. 相似文献
172.
新疆觉罗塔格成矿带与南阿尔泰成矿带的对比研究 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3
在总结觉罗塔格成矿带和南阿尔泰成矿带成矿特征的基础上,对这2个成矿带进行了地质成矿对比,认为该2带具有相同的"五阶段"演化历程,并发育相似的成矿地质事件与成矿地质环境,矿化特征及所发育的矿床成矿系列均具有可比性.体现了在一个成矿带内不同的构造演化阶段都具有各自的岩浆或沉积成矿作用,形成一定的矿床组合,并具有一定的演化规律;具有类似构造环境的成矿带有可能具有类似的成矿系列与演化.例如,铁、铜、铜镍、金和稀有金属等矿床的几种矿床类型在这2个带中均有产出,南阿尔泰成矿带中的喀拉通克铜镍矿床可与觉罗塔格成矿带中的黄山铜镍矿床对比.同时也指出,该2带存在明显的差异.并按成矿体系中"全位成矿"的理论,指出了在这2个成矿带作进一步研究和找矿的新方向."对比"是地学中运用最广泛的原则和方法,实际上,据此思路在近年的勘查与研究中已取得了新的找矿成果. 相似文献
173.
煤田火区特征的土地覆盖分类方法
——以乌达煤田火区为例 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
土地覆盖变化是土地分析与评价和生态环境变化预测的重要科学基础, 通过精确的土地覆盖分类方法
获取高精度的土地覆盖图是研究煤田火区生态环境变化的必要手段。本文以最大似然法、光谱角度法、面向对象
分类法和基于复合分区的分层分类法进行乌达煤田火区土地覆盖分类的方法研究。研究结果表明, 基于复合分区的
分层分类方法分类精度较高, 总体分类精度为92.97%, kappa 系数为0.9155。该方法通过基于地表热辐射特征、热
异常状况、地貌类型, 以及对生态系统扰动状况等的划分, 减少了地物信息的混淆度, 即通过提 相似文献
174.
中国地质学会第40届理事会提出了将中国地质学会建设成为国内领先、世界一流学会的设想。为实现这一目标,本文将中国地质学会与美国地质学会、英国地质学会、澳大利亚地质学会、加拿大地质学会等4家地质领域世界领先学会进行了对比分析,找出了差距,明确了目标,并对如何将中国地质学会建成国内领先、世界一流学会提出了对策和建议。 相似文献
175.
An approach based on individual rainfall events is introduced to mathematically describe the hydrologic responses and estimate the stormwater capture efficiencies of permeable pavement systems (PPSs). A stochastic model describing the instantaneous dynamic water balance of a PPS is established, from which the probability distribution of the antecedent moisture content of the PPS at the beginning of a rainfall event is analytically derived. Based on this probability distribution and the event‐based approach, an analytical equation that can be used for estimating the stormwater capture efficiencies of PPSs is also derived. The derived analytical equation is verified by comparing its results with those from continuous simulations for a wide range of PPSs with different sizes and underlying soils and operating under various climate conditions. It was found that the antecedent moisture contents of PPSs at the test locations are usually fairly close to zero, suggesting that PPSs at these locations are always almost empty at the start of a rainfall event. The derived analytical equation accounts for many key processes influencing the behaviour and operation of PPSs; it may serve as an easy‐to‐use tool that is essential for the planning and design of PPSs. 相似文献
176.
Sébastien Gogo Jean-Baptiste Paroissien Fatima Laggoun-Défarge Jean-Marc Antoine Léonard Bernard-Jannin Guillaume Bertrand Philippe Binet Stéphane Binet Guillaume Bouger Yohann Brossard Thierry Camboulive Jean-Pierre Caudal Stéphane Chevrier Geneviève Chiapiuso Benoît D'Angelo Pilar Durantez Chris Flechard André-Jean Francez Didier Galop Laure Gandois Daniel Gilbert Christophe Guimbaud Louis Hinault Adrien Jacotot Franck Le Moing Emilie Lerigoleur Gaël Le Roux Fabien Leroy Alexandre Lhosmot Qian Li Elodie Machado Da Silva Jean-Sébastien Moquet Juanita Mora-Gomez Laurent Perdereau Thomas Rosset Marie-Laure Toussaint 《水文研究》2021,35(6):e14244
Mitigating and adapting to global changes requires a better understanding of the response of the Biosphere to these environmental variations. Human disturbances and their effects act in the long term (decades to centuries) and consequently, a similar time frame is needed to fully understand the hydrological and biogeochemical functioning of a natural system. To this end, the ‘Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique’ (CNRS) promotes and certifies long-term monitoring tools called national observation services or ‘Service National d'Observation’ (SNO) in a large range of hydrological and biogeochemical systems (e.g., cryosphere, catchments, aquifers). The SNO investigating peatlands, the SNO ‘Tourbières’, was certified in 2011 ( https://www.sno-tourbieres.cnrs.fr/ ). Peatlands are mostly found in the high latitudes of the northern hemisphere and French peatlands are located in the southern part of this area. Thus, they are located in environmental conditions that will occur in northern peatlands in coming decades or centuries and can be considered as sentinels. The SNO Tourbières is composed of four peatlands: La Guette (lowland central France), Landemarais (lowland oceanic western France), Frasne (upland continental eastern France) and Bernadouze (upland southern France). Thirty target variables are monitored to study the hydrological and biogeochemical functioning of the sites. They are grouped into four datasets: hydrology, fluvial export of organic matter, greenhouse gas fluxes and meteorology/soil physics. The data from all sites follow a common processing chain from the sensors to the public repository. The raw data are stored on an FTP server. After operator or automatic processing, data are stored in a database, from which a web application extracts the data to make them available ( https://data-snot.cnrs.fr/data-access/ ). Each year at least, an archive of each dataset is stored in Zenodo, with a digital object identifier (DOI) attribution ( https://zenodo.org/communities/sno_tourbieres_data/ ). 相似文献
177.
In the present paper, an ensemble approach is proposed to estimate possible modifications caused by climate changes in the extreme precipitation regime, with the rain gauge Napoli Servizio Idrografico (Naples, Italy) chosen as test case. The proposed research, focused on the analysis of extremes on the basis of climate model simulations and rainfall observations, is structured in several consecutive steps. In the first step, all the dynamically downscaled EURO‐CORDEX simulations at about 12 km horizontal resolution are collected for the current period 1971–2000 and the future period 2071–2100, for the RCP4.5 and the RCP8.5 concentration scenarios. In the second step, the significance of climate change effects on extreme precipitation is statistically tested by comparing current and future simulated data and bias‐correction is performed by means of a novel approach based on a combination of simple delta change and quantile delta mapping, in compliance with the storm index method. In the third step, two different ensemble models are proposed, accounting for the variabilities given by the use of different climate models and for their hindcast performances. Finally, the ensemble models are used to build novel intensity–duration–frequency curves, and their effects on the early warning system thresholds for the area of interest are evaluated. 相似文献
178.
Natural evaporation occurs with water transportation from an unsaturated land surface into an unsaturated atmosphere. The subprocesses at the land surface and in the atmosphere are one‐sidedly emphasized in the Penman approach and the complementary principle, in which the ratio of actual evaporation to the Penman potential evaporation is expressed as a function of the wetness state of the land surface and the atmosphere, respectively. The Penman approach and complementary principle can be integrated for completely conceptualizing the evaporation process, by expressing the evaporation ratio as a function of both the land surface and atmospheric wetness. The integrated approach has the potential to increase the accuracy of evaporation estimation while reducing the burdens of parameterization. 相似文献
179.
Meijian Zhang Yurong Ma Xinyi Che Zumei Huang Peng Chen Guanghua Xia Meihui Zhao 《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2020,19(2):439-445
This study investigated the difference of nutrient composition in Caulerpa lentillifera collected from different regions.The nutrient compositions of C.lentillifera from China's Hainan and Shandong provinces were determined and compared with those from Semporna(Malaysia),Sabah(Malaysia),Petchburi(Thailand),and two other species of seaweeds(Malaysia).The results showed that the polysaccharide and protein contents of C.lentillifera from Hainan(44.82%±0.98%and 12.5%±0.70%),Shandong(43.22%±1.42%and 14.7%±0.72%),Petchburi(59.27%±2.31%and 12.49%±0.30%),and Sabah(44.02%±2.01%and 19.38%±1.48%)were higher than those of Eucheuma cottonii(26.49%±3.01%and 9.76%±1.33%)and Sargassum polycystum(33.49%±1.70%and 5.40%±0.07%),respectively.The polyunsaturated fatty acid contents in C.lentillifera from Hainan(29.98%)and Shandong(22.11%)were higher than that in Semporna(16.76%±0.27%),Sabah(9.49%),and S.polycystum(20.34%±0.43%),but lower than that in E.cottonii(51.55%±0.57%).In Caulerpa lentillifera of Hainan and Shandong provinces,the essential amino acid(EAA)/total amino acid(TAA)ratios were 35.22%and 38.78%,respectively;and the EAA/ETAA ratios were 54.36%and 63.35%,respectively.The EAA composition of C.lentillifera was close to the ideal model of Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization.C.lentillifera was rich in mineral elements,including calcium((3315.85±127.55)mg(100 g)^-1 and(3728.35±92.38)mg(100 g)^-1),magnesium((6715.74±82.58)mg(100 g)^-1 and(8128.59±242.72)mg(100 g)^-1),and trace elements,including iron((510.65±5.47)mg(100 g)^-1 and(1972.97±183.35)mg(100 g)^-1),selenium((1.04±0.08)mg(100 g)^-1 and(0.83±0.15)mg(100 g)^-1),and zinc((33.90±0.13)mg(100 g)^-1 and(11.75±2.05)mg(100 g)^-1).These results showed that C.lentillifera was more nutritious than S.polycystum or E.cottonii in terms of polysaccharide,protein,and fatty acid contents.Furthermore,both C.lentillifera species collected from Hainan and Shandong provinces show more basic nutrients.Therefore,C.lentillifera has important development and application prospects. 相似文献
180.
重力卫星GRACE(gravity recovery and climate experiment)监测斯堪的纳维亚半岛陆地水储量变化会受到冰川均衡调整(GIA)信号的严重影响。首先根据该地区绝对重力和GPS并址观测数据计算了GIA重力和垂直位移的实测线性比值,利用该比值和GPS网观测的垂直位移速度场得到了GIA重力。然后,对GRACE观测的重力变化速率进行GIA重力改正,进而可分离陆地水储量变化趋势,避免了使用GIA模型所带来的巨大不确定性,并根据观测数据完整估计了所得结果的不确定性。最后与水文模型作对比分析。结果表明,实测的GIA重力-垂直位移线性比值为0.148±0.020μGal/mm(1Gal=10-2 m/s2),该结果检验了Wahr的理论近似值且与北美实测的结果非常接近。2003年1月至2011年3月期间,斯堪的纳维亚半岛陆地水储量存在明显的增加趋势,信号的主体位于半岛南端的维纳恩湖附近,总的水量增加速率为4.6±2.1km3/a,数据观测期间的累积增加水量为38±17km3。研究结果与WGHM水文模型的结果有较好的一致性,相关系数达到0.69,而与GLDAS水文模型的相关性略小。 相似文献