不同处理方法对葡萄牙牡蛎体内菌群净化效果的比较

牡蛎肉味鲜美,营养丰富,经济价值较高,素有海洋"牛奶"之美称。然而,由于养殖环境的污染,国内多数养殖牡蛎体内的大肠杆菌含量超标,危害公民健康。因此,研发养殖牡蛎净化技术日显重要。为此,本文以我国南方重要的养殖牡蛎(葡萄牙牡蛎,也称福建牡蛎)为对象,设计了三种净化方法 (大蒜素灭菌法、紫外灭菌法、混合灭菌法(大蒜素+紫外线)先灭菌处理海水6h,然后将牡蛎养殖灭菌后的海水中,并在0 h、12 h和24 h时分别对其软体组织进行取样,检测菌落总数和大肠杆菌含量,以探求最佳净化牡蛎方法。结果显示,三种方法都能够对牡蛎体内的菌落总量和大肠杆菌含量起到显著的净化作用。比较而言,大蒜素净化效果最佳,经12 h和24 h的净化后,牡蛎体内的大肠杆菌含量(MPN/100 g)由最初的2 307降至为240和189,显著低于紫外灭菌法的744和322以及混合灭菌法的384和359。经大蒜素净化24 h后,牡蛎体内的大肠杆菌含量为189 MPN/100 g,低于欧盟和我国双壳贝类养殖水域划分依据中规定的大肠杆菌含量≤230MPN/100 g时可以直接上市并供生食的标准。     

太平洋牡蛎中大肠杆菌净化的实验研究

静水中人工感染太平洋牡蛎,使其体内埃希氏大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)浓度达到105 MPN/100g,然后放入紫外线循环系统中对其进行净化,研究贝水质量比(1∶3,1∶6,1∶10,1∶50)、水交换频率(1,3,5次/h)、温度(10,15,20,25℃)及净化层数(上层,中层,下层)等不同环境因子对牡蛎体内大肠杆菌净化的影响。在前6h大肠杆菌净化迅速,之后速度减慢,至36h时能净化2～3个对数值。不同环境因子的净化实验结果表明,当贝水比为1∶6,水交换律为3次/h,温度为15或25℃,净化层数为上层时净化效果最佳。     

Transport and retention of Escherichia coli in a mixture of quartz,Al‐coated and Fe‐coated sands

Transport and retention of Escherichia coli through the mixture of quartz, Al‐coated and Fe‐coated sands was examined using column experiments to investigate the effect of geochemical heterogeneity on bacteria transport. The first set of the experiments was performed in quartz, Al‐coated and Fe‐coated sand mixtures (coated sand: 0, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100%) to examine the influence of positively‐charged sand grains on bacteria transport. The second experiments were carried out to observe the impact of pH (range 6·74–8·21) on bacteria transport in the mixture of quartz 50% and Fe‐coated sand 50%. The third experiments were conducted to analyse the effect of ionic strength (0, 50, 100, 200 mM) on bacteria transport in the mixture of quartz 50% and Al‐coated sand 50%. The first experiments show that bacterial mass recoveries were in the range of 3·6–43·4%, decreasing nonlinearly as the content of Al‐ and Fe‐coated sands increased. In the second experiments, the bacterial mass recoveries were in the range of 35·5–79·2%, increasing linearly as the solution pH increased. In the third experiments, the mass recovery was 3·4% at 0 mM. As the ionic strength increased to 50mM, the mass recovery decreased to 0%. When the ionic strength increased further to 100 and 200 mM, no bacterial mass was recovered as in the case of 50 mM. It indicates that in the mixed medium of quartz 50% and Al‐coated sand 50% both positive (increment of bacterial adhesion) and negative (decrement) effects of ionic strength may be counterbalanced, minimizing the impact of ionic strength on the bacterial adhesion. This study helps to understand the role of metal oxides and solution chemistry in the transport of bacteria in geochemically heterogeneous media Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Impact of the Use of Reclaimed Water on the Quality of Groundwater Resources in the Jordan Valley,Jordan

The use of reclaimed water and its impact on groundwater quality in the middle and southern parts of the Jordan Valley are investigated. The chemical analyses indicate that nitrate and bacteriological pollution is widespread, and thus, seriously affects groundwater use. During the study, 365 water samples were collected from wells and springs to determine the water chemistry and the extent of nitrate pollution. Three hydrochemical facies are identifed, i. e., (Ca–(Mg)–Na–HCO₃), (Ca–Na–SO₄–Cl) and (Ca–Na–Cl). The change of facies is accompanied by a gradual increase in the groundwater total dissolved solids (TDS), which is mainly controlled by evaporates and carbonates dissolution in the aquifer matrix. Water analyses indicate that the shallow aquifer in the study area is affected by non‐point pollution sources, primarily from natural (manure) and chemical nitrogen (N)‐fertilizers and treated wastewater used for agriculture. The concentration of nitrate in the groundwater ranges from 10 to 355 mg/L. Considerable seasonal fluctuations in groundwater quality are observed as a consequence of agricultural practices and other factors such as annual rainfall distribution and the Zarqa River flow. The noticeable levels of total coliform and Escherichia coli in the northern part of the study area may be attributed to contamination from the urban areas, intensive livestock production, and illegal dumping of sewage. Heavy metal concentrations in all samples were found to be significantly lower than the permissible limits for drinking water standards.     

成都府河水体细菌动态变化及耐药性

将府河从都江堰宝瓶口段至望江公园段分设9个监测点,在秋冬、春夏两季分别取水,首次建立由细菌总数、总大肠菌群数及粪大肠菌群数三个微生物学指标组成的体系,对府河两季水质进行对比监测分析,以综合评价水质、分析季节影响因素并反映出污染物来源.以都江堰宝瓶口大肠杆菌耐药率作为背景值,对整个河段的9个采样点分离纯化鉴定得到102株大肠杆菌,用K-B法进行对比药敏试验.结果表明,府河从都江堰段起,穿过成都市区后,至望江公园段细菌总数、大肠菌群数及粪大肠菌群数虽有波动,但细菌总数总体呈增加趋势,春夏季府河营养富集,水质有所降低.府河中大肠杆菌耐药性较小,β-内酰胺类耐药率在0.96％～33.33％之间,氨基糖苷类1.39％～7.84％,氟喹诺酮类11.43％～11.76％,磺胺类复方新诺明为52.78％,其中β-内酰胺类耐药性、氟喹诺酮类耐药性与源头水质有关,其余与医疗机构排放的废水及生活污水有关,此研究为控制成都府河水体中的污染防控提供了理论依据.     

武威地区中期天气预报系统

利用ＥＣＭＷＦ数值预报产品和ＰＰ法律建立指标模型,把天气动力、定量统计、相似分析运用到中期天气预报中,并做了有益的尝试。     

Faecal microbial contamination of watercress (Nasturtium officinale) gathered by a Maori protocol in New Zealand streams

A study was carried out to determine the food safety status of watercress (Nasturtium officinale) harvested from rural streams under Maori protocol. Sixty‐five sample bunches (c. 500 g) were collected from four streams in the Waikato region of New Zealand each summer from 2005 to 2007. Two streams, Southern Enclosure and Te Waihou, were within reserves and the other two, Mangapiko and Piopio, flowed through pastoral farms. To assess faecal contamination status, Escherichia coli and thermotolerant Campylobacter were measured on watercress as collected and E. coli counts assessed against the New Zealand guideline for ready‐to‐eat foods (satisfactory: <3 E. coli per g). To determine whether washing would ensure the watercress met food safety standards, an additional 6 bunches were collected and washed in running tap water (household regime). A further 15 bunches were washed by a simulated commercial triple washing regime. At harvest, 16 of 17 watercress samples collected from the Southern Enclosure and 11 of 22 from Te Waihou met the satisfactory criterion for ready‐to‐eat food, but only 1 of 17 from Mangapiko and none of 9 from Piopio were satisfactory. No Campylobacter was recovered from any sample of watercress collected from the four sites. After washing in running tap water, E. coli numbers still exceeded the satisfactory criterion. Commercial triple washing was more effective in ensuring satisfactory watercress, but of the 15 samples subjected to this regime, only 6 met the satisfactory criterion. Escherichia coli remained firmly attached to watercress leaves after both washing regimes (presumably in biofilms). Overall, these findings suggest that it is not advisable to use watercress harvested from rural streams as a raw salad vegetable, particularly from those affected by pastoral farming.     

Lessons learned from the 2013 Calgary flood: Assessing risk of drinking water well contamination

A devastating flood occurred in southern Alberta on June 19, 2013, from greater than normal snowfalls in the Rocky Mountains and excess precipitation during the early spring that left soils saturated and unable to absorb any additional precipitation. This flood was Canada's most costly natural disaster, with five to six billion Canadian dollars in damages. The first objective of this study was to determine if the flood caused an increase in private drinking water well contamination in the Calgary Health Zone by comparing contamination rates to previous years. The second objective was to determine which environmental factors were associated with contamination during this flood event. Test results of total coliforms (TC) and Escherichia coli (EC) of private water wells were used to determine contamination. A geographically weighted Poisson regression analysis suggested that TC contamination was not associated with this flood. The EC contamination is positively associated with floodways, flood fringe, farms, and negatively associated with intermittent water (sloughs). These results suggest that for the 2013 flood, individual well characteristics are more important than surrounding geographic features. Thus, it is recommended that homeowners who live in a high-risk area ensure their wells are properly maintained to reduce risk of water well contamination.     

Water quality in New Zealand rivers: current state and trends

River water quality, particularly in lowland catchments, is a matter of concern to the New Zealand public. We assessed river water quality and biological state and trends using data from more than 900 monitoring sites. Parallel state and trend analyses were carried out using all sites and a subset of lowland river sites. Median water-quality state in urban and pastoral land-cover classes was poorer than in exotic forest and natural land-cover classes, and lowland sites in the urban and pastoral classes had the poorest water quality. Nutrient and Escherichia coli concentrations increased and visual clarity and Macroinvertebrate Community Index scores decreased as proportions of catchments in high-intensity agricultural and urban land cover increased. Ten-year trends (2004–2013) indicated recent improvements in ammoniacal nitrogen, dissolved reactive phosphorus and total phosphorus in the pastoral and urban classes, possibly reflecting improved land management. In contrast, trends in nitrate-nitrogen in the exotic forest and cool-dry/pastoral classes indicated worsening conditions.     

间接酶联免疫吸附技术检测活的非 可培养状态的大肠杆菌O157：H7

大肠杆菌O157H7在低温贫营养的条件下可进 入活的非可培养状态（Viable but nonculturable state,VBNC），用常规的培养法无法将其检出。作者利用间接酶联免疫吸附技术（Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assa y, ELISA）检测VBNC的大肠杆菌O157H7，发现此方法可以快速有效地将其检出，最小检测 浓度为10