1998年松嫩流域东北冷涡大暴雨过程的诊断分析

利用1998年6～8月松嫩流域95个测站的逐日降水和NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料，通过诊断分析方法，对1998年松嫩流域东北冷涡大暴雨的形成过程及其大气环流背景，暴雨过程的降水性质与水汽输送特征，大气低频振荡与持续性降水的关系，以及东北冷涡暴雨随季节变化的特征等问题进行了探讨。结果表明，1998年松嫩流域较长的冷涡雨季中所发生的多次东北冷涡暴雨过程是很有代表性的，它们是大气环流由春末夏初到盛夏过渡不同进程中的产物，因而具有不同的环流背景和降水性质，且在洪涝灾害的形成中起着不同的作用，特别是亚洲季风水汽输送以及东亚大气30～50d和10～20d低频振荡对降水的持续性和阶段性变化均有至关重要的影响。     

2008年T213与德国降水数值预报产品对比检验分析

为了解各种数值预报的误差特点,更好地在预报过程中选择数值预报产品作为参考依据,将中国国家气象中心的T213降水预报和德国降水预报分别进行晴雨预报检验,对2008年5—8月期间东北地区降水资料进行对比分析。结果表明：两种模式24—120h预报正确率为60%—70%左右,随着预报时效的增加,正确率呈下降趋势,德国降水预报的正确率高于T213,两种预报漏报率均明显小于空报率,T213漏报率较低,为5%左右,德国降水预报空报率较低,为20%左右。对2008年4—6月出现东北冷涡过程的两种模式降水预报进行对比分析,发现德国降水预报正确率明显高于T213预报,对冷涡降水预报有一定的指示意义。     

同化雷达反射率资料对一次飑线过程的模拟研究

在用集合卡曼滤波方法(EnKF)同化雷达径向风、雷达反演风和CGPS水汽资料的基础上,对2014年7月30日发生在安徽中东部的一次飑线过程采用雷达反射率资料对初始水汽场进行调整。该方法相对EnKF的模拟结果,在飑线强度、位置、持续时间、产生降水和地面风场方面均有改进。改进湿度场后飑线前部的地面辐合区模拟效果较好,这可能是飑线强度和位置模拟效果改进的原因之一。没有调整湿度场时飑线维持时间较短,且强度较弱,这是由于飑线后部的中层干冷空气夹卷较弱,且冷池很快远离飑线,不利飑线维持。调整湿度场后,飑线后部干冷空气夹卷较强,且在对流区下沉形成冷池,冷池位于飑线后部,有利飑线维持。夹卷加强的可能原因是:采用雷达反射率资料调整湿度场增加了中低层(600～900 hPa)湿度,大气不稳定性增加,对流发展造成低值系统增强,其南部的偏西风增强,导致飑线后部的干冷空气夹卷增强。该试验揭示了湿度调整、大气不稳定度改变造成的动力场调整对对流发展和组织的重要作用。     

Ultrahigh‐pressure and high‐P lawsonite eclogites in Muzhaerte,Chinese western Tianshan

Lawsonite eclogites are crucial to decipher material recycling along a cold geotherm into the deep Earth and orogenic geodynamics at convergent margins. However, their tectono‐metamorphic role and record especially at ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) conditions are poorly known due to rare exposure in orogenic belts. In a ~4 km long cross‐section in Muzhaerte, China, at the western termination of the HP‐UHP metamorphic belt of western Tianshan, metabasite blocks contain omphacite and lawsonite inclusions in porphyroblastic garnet, although matrix assemblages have been significantly affected by overprinting at shallower structural levels. Two types of lawsonite eclogites occur in different parts of the section and are distinguished based on inclusion assemblages in garnet: Type 1 (UHP) with the peak equilibrium assemblage garnet+omphacite±jadeite+lawsonite+rutile+coesite±chlorite±glaucophane and Type 2 (HP) with the assemblage garnet+omphacite±diopside+lawsonite+titanite+quartz±actinolite±chlorite+glaucophane. Pristine coesite and lawsonite and their pseudomorphs in Type 1 are present in the mantle domains of zoned garnet, indicative of a coesite‐lawsonite eclogite facies. Regardless of grain size and zoning profiles, garnet with Type 1 inclusions systematically shows higher Mg and lower Ca contents than Type 2 (prp_4–25grs_13–24 and prp_1–8grs_20–45 respectively). Phase equilibria modelling indicates that the low‐Ca garnet core and mantle of Type 1 formed at UHP conditions and that there was a major difference in peak pressures (i.e., maximum return depth) between the two types (2.8–3.2 GPa at 480–590°C and 1.3–1.85 GPa at 390–500°C respectively). Scattered exposures of Type 1 lawsonite eclogite is scatteredly exposed in the north of the Muzhaerte section with a structural thickness of ~1 km, whereas Type 2 occurs throughout the rest of the section. We conclude from this regular distribution that they were derived from two contrasting units that formed along two different geothermal systems (150–200°C/GPa for the northern UHP unit and 200–300°C/GPa for the southern HP unit), with subsequent stacking of UHP and HP slices at a kilometre scale.     

一次冷锋大暴雨过程的多普勒雷达观测分析

2003年6月22—23日受冷锋和低空急流影响, 湖北省东部地区出现了一次区域性大暴雨过程。用每6 min一次的武汉多普勒雷达资料, 详细分析了冷锋和低空急流天气系统在多普勒雷达径向速度PPI、速度垂直剖面VCS和速度谱宽产品上的主要特征和演变特点。结果表明:PPI上冷锋对应一条径向速度辐合线, 由于多普勒雷达所测的是径向速度, 辐合线在向雷达站移动过程中出现逐渐“变短”的现象。因在冷锋附近低层的风垂直切变相对较大, 多普勒雷达所测的速度谱宽很大, 这一特征对确定冷锋的位置很有帮助。中尺度低空急流在PPI速度图上表现为有较大径向速度切向梯度的大风核, 且距离雷达站越远这一特征越明显。在上述分析基础上, 还结合地面逐时雨量资料等分析讨论了产生暴雨中尺度对流系统的传播与冷锋和低空急流的关系。     

Analysis on the Long-Lasting Freezing Rain and Snowstorm Event at the Beginning of 2008

In this paper,main characteristics of the long-lasting freezing rain and snowstorm event in southern China at the beginning of 2008,features of the related atmospheric circulation and the causes thereof are analyzed.During the event,patterns of the atmospheric circulation stayed stable; the polar vortex located in the northern part of the Eastern Hemisphere was strong with little movement; the cold front from the polar region and the active warm air mass from the tropical ocean confronted each other for a long time; the blocking high to the west of Baikal remained strong and steady; the trough over central nd western Asia maintained its position for quite long with a group of little troughs splitting from it frequently; the dominant wind at 700 hPa was southwesterly while shears and vortexes at 850 hPa developed continually,providing the necessary low-level convergence for subsequent precipitation.Meanwhile,in the mid troposphere,eddies were generated over the Tibetan Plateau and positive vorticity disturbances in the Sichuan Basin propagated eastward to the coastal regions of eastern China.The western Pacific subtropical high was intensive with westward and northward migrations.The subtropical frontal zone was puissant and the north-south temperature gradient was large.Quasi-stationary fronts over South China and the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau remained stable.Warm air masses over the tropical ocean were active,so was the trough in the southern branch of the westerlies over the Bay of Bengal.There were four episodes associated with this event.The first one was featured with the interaction of strong cold and warm air,while the other three with the quasi-stationary fronts over South China and the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau as well as vigorous penetration of cold air from the north.The existence of the inversion layer and the thick melting layer were one of the main reasons for the long-lasting freezing rains.The main reason for the snowstorms was that the positive vorticity over the Sichuan Basin propagated eastward to the coastal regions of eastern China.Abundant water vapor and intense updraft also favored the heavy snows.     

长生命史冷涡影响下持续对流性天气的环境条件

利用云图和NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,对生命史长达9天的冷涡系统的云图形态、移动轨迹、强度变化及其长久维持的原因进行了分析;并对比分析该冷涡影响下的持续对流性天气与冷涡分裂的冷空气、湿度层结及水汽条件的关系,探讨对流性天气的预报着眼点和不稳定参数阈值。主要结论:(1)连续9天对流性天气分别出现在冷涡涡旋云系头部的南部或东南部。强的对流过程时,云顶TBB温度在-40～-72℃;弱的对流过程时,云顶TBB温度在-40℃以上。(2)东亚阻塞高压两侧高涡度区的正涡度平流交替补充冷涡对正涡度的损耗,是冷涡长久滞留维持的主要原因。(3)冷涡在长生命期中是动态的,冷涡中心距研究代表点的距离与对流性天气的强弱有关;对流层中层V分量能敏感地反映冷涡分裂的冷空气活动情况。(4)随着对流性天气的持续,低空湿度层逐渐增厚,而850～700 hPa相对湿度≤60%的相对于区始终存在;975 hPa水汽通量的大小和方向反映来自渤海的水汽输送状况。(5)强天气威胁指数SWEAT和风暴相对环境螺旋度SREH在判断对流性天气的强度方面比常用的不稳定参数效果好。     

2010年3月大气环流和天气分析

2010年3月大气环流主要特征如下:北半球高纬度地区有3个不同强度的极涡,中高纬度地区环流呈现三波型分布,三个大槽的强度偏弱,南支槽较多年平均位置略偏东,强度偏弱。西太平洋副热带高压呈东西带状分布,与常年同期相比明显偏强,副高西脊点已经西伸至印度洋一带。2010年3月全国平均气温为3.4℃,接近常年同期,东北、华北和新疆北部气温明显偏低,西南大部气温明显偏高。全国平均降水量为32.3 mm,较常年同期偏多4.2 mm。月内出现三次冷空气过程和七次沙尘天气过程。     

2010年4月大气环流和天气分析

2010年4月大气环流主要特征如下:北半球极涡分布成偶极型,中高纬地区大气环流呈四波型分布,四个大槽的强度偏弱,南支槽接近多年平均位置,但强度偏弱。西太平洋副热带高压明显偏弱于常年。4月全国平均气温为9.1℃,较常年同期偏低1.2℃。全国平均降水量为56.1 mm,较常年同期偏多12.3 mm。月内,西南旱区多次出现降水过程,大部地区旱情缓解;此外我国共出现5次沙尘天气过程;部分省(市、区)遭受强对流天气袭击。     

东北地区春季冷锋云系降水个例数值模拟及机理研究

本文通过常规天气资料,结合WRF中尺度数值模式,深入研究了2007年5月22～24日一次发生在东北地区的锋面云系降水过程和云宏微观结构特征以及降水产生的物理机制。模拟结果表明冷锋云系降水分布不均匀,锋前中低层有弱的上升气流,云水比含水量较大,雪和霰几乎没有。冷锋过境时,垂直速度迅速增大,中低层有下沉气流,不利于云水形成,出现云水含量几乎没有的干层区,雪水比含水量迅速增加,降水形成应是通过雪和霰的融化过程。处于锋区时,垂直速度和雪比含水量继续增大,降水的形成主要是雪的融化过程。锋后,上升气流迅速减弱,云内雪比含水量减少,降水的形成主要是雪的融化和暖云微物理过程。