考虑粘聚力及墙背粘着力的主动土压力公式

考虑滑裂面上填土的粘聚力及填土与墙背接触面上的粘着力，推得了粘性填土挡墙上的主动土压力计算公式。可以应用程序按假定滑裂面的方式进行编程试算，从而确定主动土压力并确定滑裂面倾角，该法客观合理且实用方便，可保证足够的精度。也可以直接应用式（16）近似计算主动土压力。     

A model of capillary cohesion for numerical simulations of 3D polydisperse granular media

We present a 3D discrete‐element approach for numerical investigation of wet granular media. This approach relies on the basic laws of contact and Coulomb friction enriched by a capillary force law between particles. We show that the latter can be expressed as a simple explicit function of the gap and volume of the liquid bridge connecting a pair of spherical particles. The length scales involved in this expression are analyzed by comparing with direct integration of the Laplace–Young equation. We illustrate and validate this approach by application to direct shear and simple compression loadings. The shear and compression strengths obtained from simulations reproduce well the experimental measurements under similar material and boundary conditions. Our findings clearly show that the number density of liquid bonds in the bulk is a decisive parameter for the overall cohesion of wet granular materials. A homogeneous distribution of the liquid within the bridge debonding distance, even at low volume contents, leads to the highest cohesion. The latter is independent of the liquid content as far as the liquid remains in the pendular state and the number density of liquid bonds remains constant. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Morphological Characteristics of Till Formations in Relation with Mechanical Parameters

The study of landslides stability on mountain slopes can become very difficult when materials in movement are heterogeneous: it is a current problem with the old glacial till formations presently under study (Aspe Valley, Pyrénées, France). Analysis of slope stability using numerical models necessitates accurate data about mechanical and physical properties. Because tills are very heterogeneous, a large sample is necessary but, unfortunately, data acquisition costs a lot of time and money. Therefore, we would like to estimate mechanical data from correlated parameters that are easier to acquire (morphological parameters using image analysis). Observations in the field and previous mechanical results in the laboratory have shown that differences between the behavior of tills seem to be related not only to their 3D structure but also to the morphological and petrographical characteristics of their components. The aim of this paper is first to illustrate how to classify the till formations textural and petrographical characteristics at the sample scales; these classifications are based on the distributions of size, shape of their constitutive elements (blocks, matrix, etc.). Significant statistical results are available by applying image analysis methods based on mathematical morphology. Next we show how these characteristics are related to the mechanical characteristics (friction angle, cohesion). Six specific till formations were collected, and we establish the relation between the effective internal angle of friction and the elongation factor.     

弹性波速反映黄土加固凝聚力变化的试验研究

试验中运用骨架波速和黄土加固凝聚力的概念，将饱和度的增加引起土体密度的增加对波速的影响与水破坏加固凝聚力对波速的影响区分开来；在相似的压力和饱和度条件下采用动力作用前后分别测试弹性波速的方法，将动力荷载对加固凝聚力的破坏作用与土样自身的颗粒组分对波速的影响区分开来。初步研究了水及动力作用对黄土加固凝聚力的破坏及黄土波速的变化规律。     

谈固体地球动力学系统的自组织

地球在3.8 Ga前不断有小星体撞击,属于不稳定的开放系统,积累了大量物质和能量。太古宙以后开始形成了准圈层结构,转变为封闭的能量消散系统,并开始建立了系统整体凝聚力和活力之间高度平衡的自组织机制。固体地球系统的重力和化学亲和力产生地球系统物质向内运动的凝聚力。地球存储在地核中的热能和放射性物质的核能,是驱动和维持着固体地球内部物质向外运动的活力来源。地球的自组织指的就是自我调控系统凝聚力和活力之间平衡的调节能力。固体地球系统局部时空尺度的物质运动是各态遍历的,大尺度全局的物质运动规律是确定性的,是自组织机制发挥作用的结果。固体地球系统的自组织能力现在还保持在很高的水平。     

制样方法对非饱和压实黄土强度变化影响的试验研究

为研究不同制样方法对非饱和压实黄土抗剪强度指标的影响规律,进行不同干密度压实土在预湿及加湿两种制样方法下的剪切试验研究。结果表明:预湿制样试验中,存在一个临界含水率影响着试验黄土的黏聚力、摩擦角,当试样的含水率低于临界含水率时,抗剪强度随含水率增加而提高,而当含水率高于临界含水率时,抗剪强度随含水率的增加而降低;抗剪强度指标总体随试样干密度的增大而增大。加湿制样试验中,随着试样含水率的增加,黏聚力连续降低,摩擦角随含水率的增加先提高后降低,对比预湿试样而言,含水率对摩擦角的折减程度降低。可以看出制样方法对非饱和压实黄土黏聚力的影响特征比较突出,当含水率低于临界含水率时加湿试样的黏聚力比预湿试样大,而当含水率高于临界含水率时预湿试样的黏聚力较高,认为加湿试样存在类似"木桶效应",而预湿试样则与试样整体水平有关。研究结果对于进一步加深非饱和黄土抗剪强度指标的适用性研究具有一定参考价值。     

以《防震减灾法》第36条为例拷辩国家标准的衔接问题

衔接不仅有相合和互含之义,还有上下和主次之分,与衔接相关的法律规范和各种规范性文本中不同的表达方式,也使衔接的意思层次趋于复杂,如果不能加以明确,会直接影响法的权威、国家标准的执行和规范性文件的实效,甚至影响行政相对人的权利行使。通过对《防震减灾法》第36条作深入分析,发现解决标准衔接的实际问题,需推动标准化改革,需要完善法律责任条款、选择合适的衔接表达方式、运用成熟的立法技巧、合理确定国家标准的地位、充分保障行政相对人的权利,等等。     

2005-2014年北京市主要城建区热岛强度时空格局分析

本文利用LANDSAT-8数据计算距离加权不透水面聚集密度,以城市聚类算法提取北京市主要城建区范围。并用2005-2014年MODIS 8天合成地表温度产品,以主要城建区面积150%的周边区域作为边缘区,计算城建区与边缘区平均温度差值为热岛强度;分析北京市主要城建区热岛强度年内时序变化;依据地表温度与当月平均热岛强度对热岛强度进行等级划分,统计不同热岛强度等级出现频率,分析其空间分布特征及与不透水面聚集密度的相关性。结果表明：（1）年内1-12月热岛强度随边缘区平均温度变化显示较好的规律性,白天为逆时针分布,夜间为顺时针分布;（2）白天热岛强度等级以2、3级为主,春、夏季中南部为三级热岛强度高发区;夜间呈现由外围向中心的“环状递增”特征,高等级热岛强度出现的频率由外围向中心不断递增;（3）不透水面聚集密度对白天不同等级热岛强度出现频率影响显著,1-4级热岛强度出现频率,随不透水面聚集密度增加而增加,不透水面聚集密度达到50%后的影响趋于减弱。     

全风化花岗岩抗剪强度影响因素分析

研究了香港全风化花岗岩三轴抗剪强度指标凝聚力c、内摩擦角 同微结构及成分的关系,指出微结构的特点决定了强度特点, 值主要由其石英与长石总含量和颗粒中大于0.5 mm的含量所控制,而c值的影响因素复杂性决定了其试验结果的离散性。通过研究c, 值与应变之间的关系,说明摩擦力在强度中占的比重大,并能够进一步解释c值结果的离散性大的原因。     

Wave-induced pore water pressure in marine cohesive soils

1 IntroductionSeafloor stability has engaged more and more at-tention of mankind with the exploration of ocean re-sources. The damages caused by seafloor instability areubiquitous in the world.Many researchers carried out studies on the porewater pressure buildup and liquefaction caused bywave-induced loading. Seed and Rahman (1978) first-ly developed a methodology in which the generationand contemporaneous dissipation of pore water pres-sure can be evaluated. Then Ishihara and Towhata(1983)…