Neighborhood-Based social capital and life satisfaction: the case of Rotterdam,The Netherlands

ABSTRACT

In this study, we examine the relationship between neighborhood-based social capital and residents’ life satisfaction by considering resident heterogeneity. Using a database of the city of Rotterdam, The Netherlands, we find a small but significant positive association between neighborhood-based social capital and individual life satisfaction. However, we also find considerable differences among residents because neighborhood-based social capital is important mainly for people who are more likely to spend considerable time in the neighborhood or who are more neighborhood dependent (i.e. less-educated people, people who live on welfare, people with poor health, retired people, and those who are divorced or widowed). Our results confirm the importance of neighborhood-based social capital for residents’ life satisfaction in terms of both actual social contacts with neighbors and the perceived social cohesion within a neighborhood. At the same time, the importance of neighborhood-based social capital varies among different groups of residents. These findings have important implications for policy-makers.     

水化学作用对砂岩抗剪强度特性影响效应研究

开展了不同水化学溶液侵蚀条件下砂岩的抗剪强度试验,分析了水化学作用对砂岩微细观结构的影响效应,探讨了砂岩的水化学损伤机制。在此基础上,分析了水化学作用对砂岩抗剪强度的影响规律。通过引入岩石水化学损伤度,定量表达了砂岩抗剪强度参数随水化学损伤的演化过程,并采用化学动力学方法,模拟在给定水化学环境条件下重庆砂岩损伤度随时间演化过程,进而预测其抗剪强度参数演化规律。所得结果为定量化研究水化学作用对岩石物理力学特性的影响效应及预测与水化学作用相关的岩土工程的安全性和稳定性提供了良好的借鉴作用。     

深埋软弱岩层钻孔围岩应变软化弹塑性分析

为解决在软弱岩层中钻孔易塌孔、成孔难的工程问题,认为岩体黏聚力沿塑性区呈线性弱化,得出应变软化条件下钻孔围岩二次应力、位移和塑性区分布表达式。利用FLAC3D内嵌FISH语言,自定义岩体黏聚力,对钻孔围岩弹塑性分布进行数值模拟分析。研究表明,理想弹塑性模型下的塑性区半径公式为文中解黏聚力co=cs时的特解;考虑黏聚力弱化特性后,相同地应力条件下塑性区半径显著扩大,为修正Fenner解的1.4倍,钻孔围岩最大切向应力位于距钻孔中心约2.9倍钻孔半径处,应力集中系数小于2。成果应用于四川某矿井钻孔工程,表明当加固半径约为3倍钻孔半径时,成孔率在90%以上,取得较好技术经济效果。     

全风化花岗岩抗剪强度试验结果对比及影响因素分析

对三轴和直剪试验得到的土抗剪强度结果对比及其主要影响因素分析很少。本文通过对采自香港两处边坡顶部 3个探坑中 1 1组全风化花岗岩样三轴固结不排水剪切和慢剪试验 ,得到了它们的有效抗剪强度值。孔隙度小的中细粒kt样品抗剪强度值总体大于孔隙度大的中粗粒skm样品。对同一组样品两种试验得出的有效抗剪强度值对比发现 :三轴试验结果大于直剪试验结果。两者相差有效内聚力c' =- 6 0～ 6 0kPa ,有效内摩擦角 '=- 2～ 1 8;两者的c'呈正线性相关 (相关系数R =0 .84 9) ,两者的 '正对数相关 (R =0 .6 86 )。两种实验的c'差值和 '差值呈弱负线性相关 (R =0 .377)。这些差别主要归因于样品物质成分和结构特征 (如粘粒、石英和粘土矿物含量等 )不同。其中 ,粘粒含量和c'值负相关 ,而与c'值差值呈正对数相关 (R =0 .776 ) ,即随着粘粒含量增加 ,三轴和直剪的有效内聚力c'差别也变大 ;粘粒和粘土矿物含量都和 '值及差值负对数相关。而含量较高的石英与有效内聚力c'值和差值都呈正相关。本文结果表明 ,在分析对比抗剪强度试验结果差别时 ,要特别注意分析粘粒、粘土矿物和石英含量变化 ,其次是天然密度和游离Fe2 O3 含量的影响     

Using fluidized bed and flume experiments to quantify cohesion development from aging and drainage

Temporal variations in soil erosion resistance are often the result of decreased soil cohesion due to physical disruption followed by a regain of soil strength through a process called aging, stabilization or consolidation. The goal of this study was to quantify changes in soil cohesion due to aging and subsurface hydrologic condition using a fluidized bed method. A flume experiment was also used to verify that findings from the fluidized bed experiment translated into measurable changes in soil erodibility. Tests were performed on three different soils (a Miami soil, a Cecil soil and Crosby–Miami soil complex). Changes in soil cohesion due to aging and drainage state were successfully detected by the fluidized bed technique. For all soils tested, cohesion developed in a two‐stage process where an increase in cohesion with aging duration immediately after the soil was rewetted, was followed by a decrease in cohesion which often started after 24 h of aging. When soils were aged at field capacity, the resulting cohesion measured by the fluidized bed method was on average 3.13 times higher than that measured when aging was performed at saturation. Trends in soil rill erodibility K_r with aging duration measured in the flume experiment were consistent with the two‐stage pattern observed in soil cohesion estimates but the legacy effect of suction applied at field capacity faded after 72 h of aging. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modeling streambank erosion and failure along protected and unprotected composite streambanks

Streambank retreat can be a significant contributor to total sediment and nutrient loading to streams. Process-based bank stability models, such as the Bank Stability and Toe Erosion Model (BSTEM), have been used to determine critical factors affecting streambank erosion and failure such as riparian vegetation and to estimate retreat rates over time. BSTEM has been successfully applied on a number of cohesive streambanks, but less so on composite banks consisting of both cohesive and noncohesive soils in highly sinuous streams. Composite streambanks can exhibit rapid and episodic bank retreat. The objectives of this research were twofold: (i) develop and apply simplified procedures for estimating root cohesion based on above- and below-ground biomass estimates and (ii) systematically apply BSTEM to a series of 10 composite streambanks distributed along the Barren Fork Creek in eastern Oklahoma to assess model sensitivity to root cohesion and model performance in predicting retreat. This research aimed to document the influence of riparian conservation practices on bank retreat rates and evaluated simplistic methods for incorporating such practices into such process-based models. Sites modeled included historically unprotected sites with no riparian vegetation and historically protected sites with riparian vegetation present during all or part of the 2003 to 2010 study period. The lateral retreat ranged from 4.1 to 74.8 m across the 10 sites and was largest at the historically unprotected sites in which retreat averaged 49.2 m. Protected sites had less bank retreat but with more variability in retreat rates per year. With calibration focused on the erodibility parameters, the model was able to match both the observed total amount of retreat as well as the timing of retreat at both the protected and unprotected sites as derived from aerial imagery. During calibration BSTEM was not sensitive to the specific value of the soil cohesion or the additional soil cohesion added due to roots for the cohesive topsoil layer, suggesting that the proposed simplified techniques could be used to estimate root cohesion values. The BSTEM modeling also provided an advantageous assessment tool for evaluating retreat rates compared to in situ bank retreat measurements due to the magnitude and episodic nature of streambank erosion and failures. Process-based models, such as BSTEM, may be necessary to incrementally model bank retreat in order to quantify actual streambank retreat rates and understand mechanisms of failure for the design of stabilization projects.     

The Time-Dependent Reduction of Sliding Cohesion due to Rock Bridges Along Discontinuities: A Fracture Mechanics Approach

Summary In this paper, a fracture mechanics model is developed to illustrate the importance of time-dependence for brittle fractured rock. In particular a model is developed for the time-dependent degradation of rock joint cohesion. Degradation of joint cohesion is modeled as the time-dependent breaking of intact patches or rock bridges along the joint surface. A fracture mechanics model is developed utilizing subcritical crack growth, which results in a closed-form solution for joint cohesion as a function of time. As an example, a rock block containing rock bridges subjected to plane sliding is analyzed. The cohesion is found to continually decrease, at first slowly and then more rapidly. At a particular value of time the cohesion reduces to value that results in slope instability. A second example is given where variations in some of the material parameters are assumed. A probabilistic slope analysis is conducted, and the probability of failure as a function of time is predicted. The probability of failure is found to increase with time, from an initial value of 5% to a value at 100 years of over 40%. These examples show the importance of being able to predict the time-dependent behavior of a rock mass containing discontinuities, even for relatively short-term rock structures. Received November 5, 2001; accepted July 24, 2002; Published online November 19, 2002     

以事件为核心的面向对象时空数据模型

GIS中时态问题的解决不仅要在数学上寻求方法的支持，更应该在现实世界的时空现象中去探求其内在的变化规律。事件是驱动时空数据发生变化的根本原因，但每一次事件对数据对象的影响总是局限于一定的范围，这内在地表现为对象的属性之间的时空内聚性并决定了时态数据管理的对象粒度。时空数据模型的设计必须参照这一规律才能在冗余与效率之间取得平衡。在简要分析现有的几种典型时空数据模型的基础上，根据上述观点设计了一种以事件为核心的面向对象时空数据模型。房产信息系统的设计与实现证明，该模型对于时空数据管理效果较好，为进一步抽取变化的模式和预测决策奠定了基础。     

Effects of compaction moisture content on the shear strength of an unsaturated clay

This paper deals with the results of an experimental study carried out on compacted clay (PL=23%) to investigate the influence of compaction water content on the shear strength of the clay. For the measurement of shear strength parameters, direct shear tests were done on samples compacted at optimum moisture content (i.e. w=24%), at the dry side of optimum (i.e. w=18%, 20% and 22%) and at the wet side of optimum (i.e. w=26% and 28%). Thermocouple psychrometers were used for suction measurements and the suction-moisture content relationship of the soil sample was obtained. The trends for suction, angle of friction and cohesion, which change below and above optimum moisture content, were analyzed. The compacted clay behaves like a granular soil on the dry side of optimum water content; and a reduction in angle of friction and an increase in cohesion are observed as the compaction water contents approach the optimum value. The angle of friction is not affected by soaking, but after soaking cohesion of the sample reduces. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

土体内聚力随含水量、粘粒含量及干密度变化关系探讨

在室内试验条件下,改变土体含水量、粘粒含量及压实度等物性参数,分析了土体内聚力随土体含水量与粘粒含量比值m及土体干密度ρd变化关系。结果表明,土体内聚力C随土体含水量与土体粘粒含量比值m的增大,总体上呈减小趋势。当比值m≥1 33时,内聚力C随m的增大变化已不明显,其值小于5 0kPa(少数小于10 0kPa);当m<1 33时,土体内聚力C随m的增大具有明显的线性降低趋势。