Ethnicity in Eastern Europe: Historical legacies and prospects for cohesion

Eastern Europe lacks cohesion partly arising from a history of ethnic tension. Ways are now being found to overcome historic conflicts over alternative political structures, as the enlargement of membership for European institutions requires greater equality of rights at the same time as support and security is extended. Thus while ethnicity, as a political, social and cultural entity, persists in Eastern Europe as an essential element at the local level, it is now being seen more positively as cultural diversity and thus more compatible with democracy and a positive asset to national well-being. Multi-ethnic states are proving to be viable and some of the most intractable inter-ethnic problems (linked with the Hungarian minorities) are being addressed constructively. Yet there are signs that the southern part of the region is being marginalised regarding foreign investment. Also there is unease that European values are not being embraced unconditionally in parts of the Balkans. Recent military intervention has created fresh problems, committing the West to continued economic and political support to strengthen its stance on democracy and minority rights. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

双向土工格栅与黏土界面作用特性试验研究

在加筋土工程中加筋与填土间的界面作用特性是最关键的技术指标,直接决定该工程的稳定性。室内拉拔试验结果表明,双向土工格栅与黏土界面的表观摩擦阻力随法向应力的增加而增加;在较低的法向应力作用下,双向土工格栅与黏土界面间的破坏形式为土工格栅的整体拔出破坏;当法向应力增加到一定值后,双向土工格栅与黏土界面间的破坏形式由土工格栅的整体拔出破坏转变为土工格栅的纵肋拔出破坏;双向土工格栅整体拔出破坏时,表观黏着力小于纵肋拔出破坏时的表观黏着力,而表观摩擦角则相反。     

洞室岩体参数的位移正演反分析

岩体的某些参数,如弹性模量、强度参数等,对地下洞室的施工和设计具有极其重要的作用。直接进行这些参数的现场测量势必要耗费大量的物资和精力,但结果不一定令人满意。在这种背景下,位移反分析的工程应用具有很重要的理论和实用价值,它克服了直接测量岩体参数所带来的弊端,仅用工程中较易得到的位移量就可以反演出岩体的这些参数。笔者应用位移正演的方法,结合石碑岭隧道这一具体工程进行了岩体参数的反演计算。     

NIMBY or how do the rural neighbours respond to genetically modified (GM) crops? An exploration of the structure of reactions by inhabitants in rural communities in The Netherlands to the commercial cultivation of GM crops in their community

The debate on genetic modification (GM) is persistent, polarized and mainly involves organized groups at the national level. With the European Union’s new policy of coexistence, commercial cultivation of GM crops is expected by the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality within the next few years, especially maize (BT) and potato (Phytophthera resistance and starch production). This makes the debate relevant for those directly confronted with this cultivation: the inhabitants of local rural communities. In The Netherlands, stakeholders formulated coexistence rules to prevent problems between conventional, organic and GM farmers that grow their crops in the same limited land area. Little is known, however, regarding the perceptions of the non-farming inhabitants of rural communities (“the neighbours”) in the debate. This paper presents the results of a focus group-based argumentative analysis of whether (and how) the GM issues play a decisive role among non-farming inhabitants of four rural communities in the Netherlands. We analysed the arguments in relation to a conceptual model that describes the potential rise and dynamics from a pre-Nimby ambivalence towards an outspoken Nimby position. We observed that the GM debate was given very little priority relative to other national issues on the political agenda and that more social cohesion correlates with fewer arguments in the national debate. It is argued that this mechanism keeps the Nimby ambivalence in an undetermined mode, which in turn diminishes the chances of radical rural-based protest against local GM cultivation of crops.     

甘肃永靖黑方台地区黄土滑坡土的力学性质

与地下水位以下的饱和黄土力学性质相比,包气带黄土力学性质具有不同的表征参数和测试方法,其对黄土斜坡渗流场和稳定性的影响不容忽视.以甘肃黑方台地区黄土为例,分别采用张力计和轴平移技术量测了黄土的部分区段土-水特征曲线,依据Gardner、Van Genuchten和Fredlund and Xing 3种经验公式对轴平移测试数据进行拟合,获取了完整的土-水特征曲线.基于GDS多功能三轴仪,通过控制基质吸力的三轴剪切试验,获取了考虑基质吸力的黄土强度参数.结果显示:张力计和轴平移技术量测的部分区段土-水特征曲线具有相近的曲线形态,但张力计曲线位于轴平移技术曲线的上方;当基质吸力由100kPa减小至20kPa时,黄土内摩擦角减小约1°,粘聚力下降近22kPa;拟合所得的黑方台地区黄土的基质吸力摩擦角为15.6°.试验为进行黑方台黄土斜坡的非饱和渗流和稳定性分析提供了参数.     

Governance arrangements targeting diversity in Europe: how New Public Management impacts working with social cohesion

This article analyses how policies to foster social cohesion within diverse and unequal urban contexts are affected by New Public Management and austerity policies. Based on the analysis of a handful of governance arrangements in three cities that differ in their institutional structure and diversity policy approaches (Copenhagen, Leipzig and Milan), it is shown that negative effects are quite widespread yet cushioned by a strong welfare state structure, solid local government and high priority given to the recognition of diversity. Nevertheless, the shift towards the application of market logic to social work reduces innovative potential, increases efforts spent on procedures and weakens public coordination.     

球形模板压入仪在冻土长期强度测试中的应用

球形模板压入仪（球模仪）在前苏联和俄罗斯等冻土区土力学性质测试中得到广泛应用。在60多年的工程实践中,试验理论、方法等方面都得到了完善。因其试验简单易行且测试结果能较好地反映冻结土的力学性质,特别是在冻结土黏聚力的长期强度评价及预测方面广泛应用。简要介绍该试验理论、试验方法、试验仪器。以莫斯科郊外冰碛粉质黏土作为研究对象。在恒定-7～20 ℃温度条件下,在封闭状态下分别进行3、6、20、40次冻融循环试验。对各试验阶段土样进行物理性质测试,之后用球模仪对冻结土样进行强度测试。冻融循环后土样的各物理指标均有不同程度的减小,随着冻融次数的增加,其强度降低。冻融过程中,土样中水体积的变化使其密度减小、孔隙率增大是造成这一结果的原因。     

非均质土体中盾构隧道开挖面支护力上限分析

基于对数螺旋破坏模式,考虑黏土的非均质特征,采用极限分析上限法推导了盾构隧道掌子面支护力计算公式,通过优化计算得到了不同条件下的最优上限解。采用该破坏模式与已有的模型试验、工程实例进行对比,验证了在非均质土中采用双对数螺旋极限分析上限法的适用性;同时详细分析了在土体不同参数条件下,隧道掌子面支护力、滑动面范围的变化趋势以及工程影响,结果显示在非均质土中,掌子面支护效率的主导因素是初始黏聚力与掌子面超前核心土,最后通过归一化处理得到了非均质土中极限支护力的设计推荐图,可为工程中初步确定盾构隧道掌子面支护压力提供理论依据。     

Shear behavior of geotextile-reinforced Chlef sand in the Mediterranean region: Laboratory investigation

Abstract

An experimental study about the effects of initial conditions of soil and geotextile reinforcement on the mechanical behavior of reinforced sand is presented in this paper. A series of direct shear tests are conducted on reconstituted specimens of dry and moist natural sand prepared with different initial water content (w?=?0, 1.5, 3, and 5%) and including the two arrangements of geotextile layers (one and two layers, respectively). Both S41 and PEC55types of non-woven geotextile were used and placed at different heights of the specimens to investigate the effect of geotextile reinforcement on the behavior of sand. Test specimens were prepared at Dr =80% of relative density and were subjected to three different normal stresses of 100, 200, and 300?kPa. The experimental results showed that the deposition mode (wet and dry) and the geotextile reinforcement have significant effects on the behavior of reinforced sand. The increase in shear strength is relatively more significant for specimens prepared with dry deposition mode as compared to those prepared with wet deposition mode and it increases with the number of geotextile layers, this effect becomes less significant for wet specimens. The experimental results also demonstrated that (PEC55) non-woven geotextile shows a better performance than the (S41) of geotextile. These results can be explained by the effective tensile strength property of polyester yarns of the (PEC55) non-woven geotextile that it has led to a significant increase in the shear strength.     

岩体结构面剪切流变试验及模型参数反演分析

针对锦屏二级水电站地下洞室群围岩富含节理的实际情况,采用弱面直剪流变仪对组成隧洞围岩的主要岩样（板岩、大理岩）进行了含软弱夹层岩石的剪切流变试验,得出岩石夹层的剪应力-剪切位移时程曲线。通过对岩石夹层试验结果的分析,得出了岩石的长期强度参数,与快剪试验获得抗剪强度参数相比较发现长期抗剪强度参数有所降低,且凝聚力对剪切流变特性的影响略高于内摩擦系数。最后通过对6种模型的拟合分析,得出了适合岩石夹层的标准线性体流变模型,在此基础上通过反演分析得到了岩石夹层标准线性体黏弹-塑性剪切流变模型,并反演了该模型的参数。