东太平洋CC区板块构造和多金属结核资源效应探讨

利用东太平洋CC区多波束海底地形测量、结核覆盖率深拖系统探测、结核丰度地质采样和地球物理地震勘探资料,运用板块构造和沉积动力学理论,并与丰度趋势面和神经网络分析结果对比,对东太平洋CC区构造与多金属结核资源效应关系进行了探讨,并认为:(1)富集在研究区约200亿t结核的最主要控制因素是东太平洋海隆、莱恩山脉、克拉里昂-克利伯顿大断裂(Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone),东、西、南、北的四个构造单元为结核大量富集起到了框架性的关键作用;(2)本区经历了和遵循着海底扩张的基本过程,这个过程对结核物质来源、成矿作用、结核分布有重大影响,结核丰度、覆盖率与地形变化非常一致,重大相变距离为10～15km,基底自形成以来一直影响着地表结核;(3)地球深部地质作用过程对结核成矿作用也有一定影响,影响因素可能涉及基底岩浆房及其大小等.     

Bacterial contribution to manganese oxidation in a deep coastal sediment

The characteristics of Mn(II) removal from sediment porewater and the potential role of manganese-oxidizing bacteria in this process were examined in sediments from a 335-m deep station in the Laurentian Trough of the St. Lawrence estuary. Manganese-oxidizing bacteria were most abundant in the thin layer of oxidized surface sediment, where Mn(II) removal rates were also fastest. The first-order rate constants for Mn(II) removal decreased from 1·2 × 10³ day⁻¹ to 6·6 day⁻¹ over the first 30-mm depth. In experimental slurries, sediments removed Mn(II) from reduced zone porewater by a two-step process: a rapid saturation of Mn(II) binding sites was followed by a slower O₂-enhanced removal rate which paralleled the apparent rate of Mn(II) oxidation. Sodium azide and mercuric chloride were tested specifically for their usefulness as bacterial poisons in sediment slurry systems. Sodium azide interfered with Mn(II) removal at low concentrations and was not an effective poison. Mercuric chloride inhibited bacterial activity at concentrations far lower than those at which significant interference of Mn(II) removal occurred. The response of sediment slurries treated with mercuric chloride indicated that the initial oxidation of sorbed Mn(II) was not bacterially-mediated under the experimental conditions tested.     

The Influence of Redox Reactions on the Uptake of Dissolved Ce by Suspended Fe and Mn Oxide Particles

Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the partitioning ofrare earth elements (REE) between solution and suspended particles. Becauseof their strong tendency to complex, the REE can be used to study a varietyof marine processes and in particular particle scavenging. In this study, anemphasis was placed on examining abiotic redox processes that influence theuptake of dissolved Ce by particles. Batch sorption experiments wereconducted with REE and synthetic mineral phases over the range of pH4–9. The solutions varied in ionic strength between 0 and 0.7 M andconsisted of individual solutes (NaNO₃, NaCl, andNa₂SO₄), ionic mixtures that duplicate theseawater composition, and natural seawater. The uptake of REE from solutionwas also studied at a Pt electrode coated with using cyclic voltametry. Experimental results are consistent with uptake of dissolved Ce onto occurring by a combination of oxidativescavenging and surface complexation. The contribution of oxidativescavenging to the removal of Ce from solution is most pronounced at acidicpH, where the strictly trivalent REE exhibit little propensity for sorptiononto . Sorption of dissolved Ce onto FeOOH occursin a manner analogous to that of the other strictly trivalent REE and nocontribution from oxidative scavenging is observed on this mineral phase atlow pH. Our work also substantiates the hypothesis that anions in solution,particularly and Cl^-, aswell as those adsorbed on the surface of the particles, influence the extentof Ce uptake by . This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

普通X射线荧光光谱法用于中太平洋富钴结壳中锰价态的定量分析

应用普通X射线荧光光谱仪，结合PeakFit谱峰处理软件，对不同比例的MnO和MnO2的人工混合样品的谱峰参数进行了研究，用数学方法将实测的谱峰分解为各个单一的谱峰参数（峰位、峰高、半高宽、子峰积分面积），找出了各个谱峰参数与不同价态锰含量之间的关系，并据此确定了中太平洋海山区大量富钴结壳样品中Mn^4＋的相对含量，主要集中在80％～100％。总结了富钴结壳中中层和表层Mn^4＋的含量高、核心层Mn^4＋的含量低的变化规律．认为这与该区第四纪以来南极底流活动的增强有关。     

熔融制片-X射线荧光光谱法测定锰矿样品中主次量元素

采用混合熔剂熔融制备样片，加入碘化铵粉末，有效地驱赶了锰矿熔融制样时产生的大量气泡，用Axios型X射线荧光光谱仪测定锰矿样品中的Mn、Fe、Si、Al、Ti、Ca、Mg、Na、K、P、Ba、Cu、Zn、Ni等元素的氧化物含量，用理论a系数校正基体效应，方法简便快捷。用国家一级锰矿石标准物质GBW 07266验证，结果与标准值相符；以锰矿石考察方法的精澈（RSD，n=12），除CuO为10．05％，其余各组分均≤8％。     

Elevated iron and manganese concentrations in groundwater derived from the Holocene transgression in the Hang-Jia-Hu Plain, China

Groundwater in the Hang-Jia-Hu Plain, eastern China, is a drinking water source for local residents. Groundwater samples were collected from large-diameter hand-dug wells and boreholes for comparison of their iron and manganese concentrations, as well as other ions. The results show that iron and manganese concentrations are relatively high, exceeding drinking water standards by several times. Aquifer sediment samples contain abundant iron (30,790 mg kg⁻¹) and manganese (602 mg kg⁻¹). The results of correspondence factor analysis of the hydrochemistry data and the liberation experiments (using seawater and rainwater as leachants) suggest that iron and manganese in shallow groundwater come from the sediment in the Holocene aquifer. A reductive environment involving relatively high total dissolved solids and organic carbon in the aquifer system is favorable to iron and manganese transferring from the sediment to groundwater and stabilizes these ions. Shallow, large-diameter hand-dug wells provide oxic conditions that decrease the concentrations of dissolved iron and manganese in the well water.

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Résumé Dans la Plaine de Hang-Jia-Hu, à l’Est de la Chine, les eaux souterraines constituent une ressource en eau potable pour les autochtones. Des échantillons d’eau souterraine ont été prélevés dans des puits de large diamètre creusés manuellement et dans des forages, afin de confronter leurs concentrations en fer, manganèse et autres ions. Les résultats montrent des concentrations en fer et manganèse relativement hautes, souvent au-delà des limites de potabilité. Les échantillons de sédiments de l’aquifère contiennent des quantités abondantes de fer (30,790 mg kg⁻¹) et de manganèse (602 mg kg⁻¹). Les résultats de l’analyse factorielle de correspondance des données hydrochimiques et des tests de libération (utilisant l’eau de mer et l’eau de pluie comme vecteurs) suggèrent que le fer et le manganèse contenus dans les aquifères superficiels proviennent des sédiments de l’aquifère holocène. Un environnement réducteur, impliquant une quantité élevée de solides dissous et de carbone organique dans le système aquifère, est favorable à un transfert du fer et du manganèse depuis les sédiments vers les eaux souterraines, et stabilise les ions considérés. Les puits peu profonds, de large diamètre et creusés à la main créent des conditions oxydantes qui abaissent les concentrations en fer et manganèse dissous dans l’eau du puits.

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Resumen El agua subterránea en la Llanura de Hang-Jia-Hu, al este de China, es una fuente de agua potable para los residentes locales. Las muestras de agua subterránea fueron recogidas en pozos de gran diámetro excavados a mano y en pozos barrenados con el objeto de comparar las concentraciones de hierro y manganeso, y también las de otros iones. Los resultados muestran que las concentraciones de hierro y manganeso son relativamente altas, excediendo varias veces los límites para agua potable. Las muestras de sedimentos tomadas del acuífero contienen abundante hierro (30,790 mg kg⁻¹) y manganeso (602 mg kg⁻¹). Los resultados del análisis de correspondencia de los datos hidroquímicos y experimentos de liberación (usando agua de mar y agua de lluvia como lixiviantes) sugieren que los iones hierro y manganeso en las aguas subterráneas someras provienen de los sedimentos acuíferos del Holoceno. Un ambiente reductor que contiene relativamente alta cantidad de sólidos totales disueltos y carbono orgánico en el sistema acuífero es favorable para la transferencia de hierro y manganeso desde los sedimentos al agua subterránea y para estabilizar estos iones. Los pozos poco profundos, de gran diámetro, excavados a mano, suministran condiciones de oxidación que disminuyen las concentraciones de hierro y manganeso disueltos en el agua del pozo.

     

Preparative isolation and characterization of heavy metal complexes from acid mine drainage and surface wastewater

A preparative method was developed to sample dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and heavy metals (Ni, Mn) from polluted surface waters. Main focus was set on the preparative production of freeze‐dried samples mainly composed of organic ligands from heavy metal complexes. First characterizations were done in the aqueous phase. Finally, freeze‐dried samples provide stable organic matter for multiple characterizations. Acid mine drainage of the former mining area of Ronneburg (Germany) hold elevated concentrations of heavy metals and low concentrations of DOC. Municipal wastewater, passing the spoil pile, held elevated concentrations of DOC and low concentrations of heavy metals. Dissolved components smaller than 0.45 μm and larger than 1 nm were concentrated by nanofiltration. Organic heavy metal complexes were isolated from this solution by size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC). Different size classes of molecules were collected from the column effluent, depending on their elution time, and were characterized by UV spectroscopy, ICP‐OES, and DOC measurements. All samples held organic heavy metal compounds with different retention times. The organic heavy metal complexes in acid mine drainage had higher retention times than complexes from municipal wastewater. Most interestingly, we found different affinities of heavy metals to different size classes of DOC. This affinity of the heavy metals differs with size and origin of the DOC.     

武汉黄棕壤中铁锰结核的环带构造、元素富集特点与环境变化意义

土壤铁锰结核的环带记录了土壤成土过程和环境条件。文章利用扫描电镜及能谱探针分析测定了铁锰结核剖面上某些元素的含量与分布,研究表明:结核内部为不规则环带,Mn、Fe、Ca呈环带分布,大部分Ca赋存于铁锰结核的外层环带,Si、Al在剖面上呈匀态分布;结核剖面上Mn、Fe、Ca的含量呈波形曲线,根据它们的变幅,推测出该结核经历了10次以上的干湿交替过程,其中在结核生长初期经历了较弱的干湿交替环境,而在其生长后期处于相对较强的干湿交替环境;通过相关分析与因子分析,结核剖面上Ba、Ca、Co、Pb的富集与氧化锰矿物有关,而Ni、P的富集与氧化铁矿物有关     

Evidence of Microbial Activity in the Formation of Manganese Wads at the Asahidake Hot Spring in Hokkaido, Japan

Abstract. Mt. Asahidake is an active volcano, with more than 90 active wells, in the Daisetsu volcanic group located in central Hokkaido, Japan. Wells along the Yukomanbetsu-sawa River showed high manganese concentrations and associated manganese deposits. These deposits consist of manganese oxides, and the concentration of iron is very low except for one sample collected from the upper reach of the river. Most of the wet samples showed basal diffraction characteristic of todorokite (9.6 Å). Cultivation tests showed that microorganisms were responsible for the oxidation of dissolved Mn²⁺ in the Asahidake hot spring. The dissolved Mn²⁺ concentration in the sterilized hot spring water was unchanged after four days, whereas the Mn²⁺ concentration in the sterilized hot spring water with a small amount of fresh manganese wad was decreased to zero after three days, and manganese oxide formed. This result implies that the activity of microorganism oxidizes dissolved Mn²⁺ and forms manganese oxide at the Asahidake manganese deposits. In addition to Komanoyu hot spring and Yunotaki Falls, this is the third report of microbial activity forming considerable deposits of manganese oxides in hot spring waters.     

东北太平洋东部CCB53孔沉积物Mn元素活化、迁移和沉淀与沉积环境演化的统一

本文引用地质矿产部“七五”东北太平洋CCB53孔柱状沉积物（＜63μm）的元素地球化学分析数据,采用“标准元素对比值法”定量分离Mn元素在不同物源（陆源、生物源、热液源和自生源）中的绝对含量,确定Mn元素地球化学本底,提取CCB53柱状沉积物中Mn元素的正、负异常。据此讨论了Mn元素发生活化、迁移和再沉淀的时间演化规律,即从沉积物的底部到顶部（22．42～0Ma）,Mn元素经历了四个活化、迁移和沉淀旋回,分别为840～320、320～170、170～120和120～0。Mn元素的正、负异常分布与自生源组分和氧化还原环境的变化对比分析表明,Mn元素正、负异常分布与自生源组分的高→低变化规律和氧化还原条件的周期振荡紧密相关。早期成岩过程中发生的氧化还原环境的振荡是元素发生活化、迁移和沉淀的动因。