Coastline and landscape changes in bay areas caused by human activities: A comparative analysis of Xiangshan Bay,China and Tampa Bay,USA

Using multitemporal Landsat TM/OLI images at a 10-year interval, in this study, we (1) extracted information of spatial location, length, and sinuosity of coastline and landscape configuration, diversity and fragmentation in the bay areas of Xiangshan Bay (XB), China and Tampa Bay (TB), USA from 1985 to 2015; (2) constructed indices of artificial coastlines and human disturbance on bay area landscapes; and (3) explored and discussed the impacts of human activities on changes of coastlines and landscape types in the two bay areas. Our analysis results demonstrate the following five points. (1) During the past 30 years, the lengths of natural coastline in XB and TB shrank, while the lengths of their artificial coastline increased first and then maintained stable. Since there were different influences of human activities on coastlines and landscape types between the two bay areas, XB experienced dramatic changes in parts of coastline geomorphologies and continuous decrease of coastline sinuosity, while, in TB, there was a little change in coastline geomorphologies and its coastline sinuosity was almost unchanged. (2) The intensity of human activities in XB was continuously enhanced from 1985 to 1995, and then the degree of enhancement had slowed down after 1995. However, in the time period, the impacted extent of human activities gradually increased and finally covered almost entire coastlines in XB. In TB area, although the intensity of human activities was enhanced, the degree of enhancement slowed down from 1985 to 2015 and the impacted areas of human activates were concentrated in several coastal city areas. (3) The average area of landscape patches strongly disturbed by human activities in both XB and TB generally showed a trend of decreasing from 1985 to 2005. However, during the period of 2005 to 2015, the average patch area of landscapes disturbed by different degrees of human activities in XB changed differently, while in TB it almost did not change. (4) From 1985 to 2005, the indices of landscape diversity in various areas of human disturbance in XB gradually increased, while in TB, changes in indices of the landscape diversity varied. From 2005 to 2015, the changes in the intensity of human disturbance in both bay areas were from weak to strong, whereas the indices of landscape diversity in XB and TB increased first and then decreased. (5) The landscape fragmentation index in different human disturbance areas in both XB and TB gradually increased from 1985 to 2005, while from 2005 to 2015, in both bay areas, the landscape fragmentation index presented a decreasing trend.     

基于分形的中国大陆海岸线尺度效应研究

以DEM为基础,并参照卫星影像,提取了不同比例尺下中国大陆海岸线,从海岸地质构造特征和海岸类型角度出发,对我国大陆海岸线整体、沉降隆起岸段和不同类型海岸尺度效应进行分析,并探讨了引起尺度效应差异的地理环境因素。研究表明：(1) 中国大陆海岸线整体分形维数为1.195,岸线长度受测量尺度影响显著,定量刻画海岸线长度不可忽略相应测量尺度;(2)岸线分形受地质构造特征和水动力因素控制明显,隆起段和沉降段海岸线分形维数有着显著差异：辽东半岛隆起段分形维数为1.153,辽河-华北平原沉降段分形维数为1.116,山东半岛隆起段分形维数为1.148,苏北-杭州湾沉降段分形维数为1.177,浙东-桂南隆起段分形维数则达1.239;(3) 海岸线尺度效应同时随海岸类型不同有着显著差异,位于冀北平原和滦河三角洲平原岸段的砂质岸线分形维数为1.109;位于苏北平原的淤泥质岸线分维数为1.056,位于闽东南山地丘陵的基岩海岸线分形维数达1.293。海岸线是陆、海和气界面的交汇线,其分形性质的定量刻画,可为多尺度研究海气、陆气和海陆相互作用提供科学基础。     

人类活动对港湾岸线及景观变迁影响的比较研究————以中国象山港与美国坦帕湾为例

利用多时期遥感数据,以10年为时间步长,提取1985-2015年4个时期中国象山港和美国坦帕湾的岸线空间位置,长度和曲折度以及港湾地区景观构型,多样性和破碎度等信息,构建海岸人工化和港湾景观人工干扰指标,探讨人类活动对港湾岸线,景观演变的影响.结果表明:① 近30年来,象山港和坦帕湾自然岸线长度不断缩减,人工岸线长度呈先增后稳定的态势.由于两地人类活动方式的差异,象山港局部岸段形态发生剧烈变化,岸线曲折度不断变小;而坦帕湾岸线形态变化较小,岸线曲折度几乎保持不变.② 1985-1995年,象山港海岸人工化不断加强,1995年以后有所减弱,但人类活动的影响范围逐渐变大,几乎遍及整个港湾海岸.1985-2015年,坦帕湾海岸人工化强度虽有加强,但增幅缓慢,海岸人类活动也主要集中于各沿海城市区域.③ 1985-2005年,象山港和坦帕湾各人工化强度等级样区景观平均斑块面积总体呈减少趋势,但2005-2015年,象山港各强度样区景观平均斑块面积变化趋势不一,坦帕湾各强度样区变幅则较为平稳.④ 1985-2005年,象山港各强度样区景观多样性指数逐渐增大,而坦帕湾变化不一;2005-2015年,两港湾人工化强度由弱至强,景观多样性指数先增后减.⑤ 1985-2005年,象山港和坦帕湾不同人工化强度样区,景观破碎度指数逐渐增大;2005-2015年,两港湾景观破碎度指数呈减小趋势.     

2006年胶州湾现有水域面积与岸线的卫星调查与历史演变分析

利用2006年5月20日Landsat-5 TM卫星数据对胶州湾的现存水域面积与岸线长度进行了量算,结果给出胶州湾2006年现存总水域面积为353．92km^2,总岸线长度为220．02km.与历史数据进行比较发现,总岸线长度在进一步加长,而总水域面积在进一步缩小。其原因是由胶州湾的人工围垦所致。     

Fractal Character of China Bedrock Coastline

Fractal theory was applied to a preliminary discussion of the fractal character and formation mechanism of the coastline of the bedrock coast of China on the basis of GIS ( Geographical Information System). Some significant conclusions were drawn : ( 1 ) The fractal dimensions of the coastline and linear structures of Liaodong Peninsula are 1.0093 and 1.0246 respectively, those of Shandong Peninsula are 1.019 and 1.021 respectively, etc. (2) The fractal dimensions of coastlines of Liaodong Peninsula, Shandong Peninsula, Zhejiang and Fujian-Guangdong tend to increase with the spatial change from north to south. (3)The regional linear structures( including faults)control the basic trends and fractal dimensions of coastlines as a whole in the regions of the bedrock coast of China : the more the controlling effect of linear structures, the smaller the fractal dimensions of coastlines. (4)The substantial constituents of coast and biologic function both play an important role in affecting the fractal dimensions of coastlines of Liaodong Peninsula,Shandong Peninsula, Zhejiang, Fujian-Guangdong and Taiwan Island.     

The modern change and evolution tendency of sand coast in the eastern area of Liaodong Gulf

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厦门岛东南海岸贝壳层与风沙的研究

最近调查发现，厦门岛东南海岸剖面出露了三段长总计约15m、厚度0.4m的古贝壳层。该层在高潮线之上1m处，直接覆盖在古海滩沙之上，顶部被厚度达4-5m的三层风成沙所覆盖。本文根据贝壳种类鉴定及^14C年代测定和沉积物粒度分析进行研究，结果显示，厦门岛1510a前的古海岸线比现在的海岸线高约1m、现代风成沙最早开始形成于隋唐时期，至今仍存在风沙隐患。为此，建议在开发利用中要因地制宜，防止风沙再度泛滥。     

基岩海岸节理对区域宏观断裂系的响应及其对海岸线分形性质的影响研究--以中国福州市基岩海岸为例

在跟踪国内外相关研究进展的基础上，通过采取野外实地勘测与室内分析相结合的研究方法，以中国福州市基岩海岸为例探讨了基岩海岸节理对区域宏观断裂系的响应以及节理对海岸线分形性质的影响问题。得到的基本结论为：第一，节理与区域大尺度宏观断裂系存在着一定的响应关系；第二，节理由于其空间复杂程度的不同和发育走向的差异，对海岸线的分形性质产生着不同程度的重要影响。     

海岸线遥感光谱角度-距离相似度生长模型自动化提取

海岸线变迁是沿海生态系统变化的重要指示因子,是国家海洋经济关注的重要组成部分。本文通过构建光谱角度—距离相似度模型,解决HJ-1B/IRS红外传感器在海岸线自动化提取应用中的可行性问题,以及当前方法应用于不同时相数据过程中的阈值不稳定性问题,拓展IRS传感器的应用领域和价值。光谱角度—距离相似度模型以多光谱像元归一化辐射值为向量元素,度量不同像元在单位空间距离上的角度相似性,以迭代方式分析水体样本像元与周边八邻域相邻像元的角度—距离相似性,通过相似性约束对水体样本进行区域生长以获取水岸分界线。通道辐射归一化分析表明采用反射率和量化等级最大值归一化的通道值能很好地反映地物随季节的变化;样本相似度分析表明以水体和非水体相似度两倍方差(0.01)为误差的生长阈值(0.98)适用于全时相影像水岸线提取,总体精度优于80%。验证数据分析表明,角度—距离相似度模型阈值稳定、不受时相影响。通过与常用的High Pass卷积滤波、Roberts卷积滤波、Sobel卷积滤波、Laplacian卷积滤波、FFT高通变换和Canny提取结果比对分析表明,High Pass、Laplacian和FFT变换无法应用于IRS传感器,Roberts和Sobel相对来说能较好的识别水陆边缘,Canny在正常噪声条件下也能有效识别水陆边缘。但这些算法在识别水陆边缘线的同时,也将内陆地物边缘线进行了识别,如何将内陆地物边缘线从识别结果中有效去除,是这些方面所面临的重要难点。比较而言,角—距相似度模型能很好的应用于IRS传感器的海岸线提取,对传感器的噪声并不敏感,在B4通道非正常水平噪声条件下也能提取出理想结果,而且后续处理简单,不存在内陆边缘线的干扰问题。光谱角度—距离相似度模型对海岸线识别精度较高、模型参数稳定,能有效地提升IRS传感器在海岸线提取方面应用价值。在实际应用过程中需要避免的是,既覆盖陆地又覆盖海洋的云团会遮挡地物光谱信息,造成海岸线无法有效分离,因此需要对影像数据进行有效的筛选。本文基于遥感影像提取的海岸线只是瞬时水边线,需要进一步结合海岸线的类型以及潮位数据和DEM等数据进行修正得到最终的海岸线。     

砂质海岸突堤式建筑物下游岸线变形数学模型

提出了一种改进的砂质海岸岸滩演变的“一线理论”数学模型.该模型中考虑了岸滩演变过程中岸滩坡度变化的影响,并采用波浪折射、绕射和反射联合计算数学模型模拟掩护区的波浪场,提高了波浪计算的精度.实例计算表明,在验证资料比较充分的条件下,该数学模型计算结果的可靠度较高,可供实际工程规划和设计时参考使用.