Conservation status of New Zealand freshwater fish, 2009

The threat status of 74 freshwater and estuarine fish present in New Zealand was determined. Fifty-one native taxa were ranked of which 67% were considered Threatened or At Risk. A single species was classified as Extinct, the New Zealand grayling, which has not been observed since the 1920s. Four taxa were classified in the highest threat category, Nationally Critical, and a further 10 taxa as Threatened (Nationally Endangered or Nationally Vulnerable). Twenty taxa were ranked in the At Risk group with the majority ranked as Declining. Endemic galaxiids (Galaxiidae) dominated the Threatened and At Risk taxa. The majority (68%) belonged to the Galaxias genus, comprising 81% of recognised taxa in this genus and all five species in the genus Neochanna were also ranked as Threatened or At Risk. In addition to 51 native taxa, a further three fish species were considered colonists and 20 introduced species were classified as naturalised, although two of these are considered rare. The majority of the Threatened species occur in the Canterbury and Otago regions where a suite of rare non-migratory galaxiids exist. Threat mechanisms that were identified as causal in the decline of freshwater fish species were the impact of introduced fish species, declining water quality, effects of water abstraction, loss of habitat via land-use change and land-use activities, and river modifications.     

Mapping benthic habitat in regions of gradational substrata: An automated approach utilising geophysical,geological, and biological relationships

The relationship between acoustic backscatter, sediment characteristics and benthic habitat is examined using high-resolution sidescan sonar data collected at the Loch Linnhe artificial reef site on the west coast of Scotland. The site is typical for the continental shelf of NW Europe, with a mix of seabed environments from muddy to coarse, stony substrata on a 10–100 m length scale. A sidescan sonar mosaic was produced and classified according to derived backscatter parameters (mean, median and standard deviation of the backscatter values) using an unsupervised classification procedure. The accuracy of the final classified map was assessed by comparison with a ground-truthing survey in which the biological habitat was derived from underwater video footage. The sidescan correctly predicted seabed surface characteristics of observed biological habitat with 78% accuracy. A second, and more challenging test of the acoustic data to correctly predict biological habitat was made by comparing it with data from 21 grab sampling stations. These stations were divided into three groups using multivariate statistical techniques based on their backscatter properties. Benthic assemblage structure was found to be significantly distinct between the high and low, and the medium and low backscatter stations. There was a low to moderate but significant correlation between the multivariate patterns of acoustic backscatter, benthic assemblage structure, and particle size distribution. The work shows that even in areas with subtle and gradational changes in substratum, the sidescan was able to predict biological community with an acceptable accuracy.     

孤北～桩海地区古近系东营组层序划分及特征研究

以孤北~桩海地区古近系东营组为研究对象,通过大量的地震剖面解释、测井资料分析、钻井岩芯观察,在研究区东营组岩石学特征分析的基础上,详细研究了层序划分及层序特征,共划分出SQ1、SQ2二个长期旋回,Ed1、Ed2、Ed3、Ed4四个中期旋回。同时,还深入讨论了各层序在地震剖面、钻井剖面及测井曲线上的特征;论述了各层序的发育特征。其中,Ed1层序在全区呈对称分布;Ed2层序主要发育下降半旋回;Ed3层序旋回对称明显,全区均有分布;Ed4层序在研究区内主要发育上升半旋回。通过对该地区层序划分的认识,为该地区的层序对比和层序地层格架的建立等,提供了重要的依据。     

基于 DTW 距离的时序 NDVI 数据植被信息提取--以秦巴山区为例

秦巴山区是我国重要的生态屏障,对该区的植被信息提取开展研究,可为区内生态服务功能及自然资源开发利用提供基础数据。通过加窗处理改进DTW距离相似性算法,结合临近度模糊分类方法对2005—2014年的MODIS NDVI时序数据进行植被信息提取。首先利用S-G滤波对MODIS NDVI时序数据进行重建;再利用2013年的采样数据构建各类植被的标准NDVI时序曲线,逐像元计算与标准NDVI时序曲线的加窗DTW距离,利用临近度模糊分类实现植被信息提取;最后验证提取精度。结果表明,算法具有较高的运行效率,可避免错误匹配,以较高的精度(总体精度83.8%,kappa系数0.77)实现长时间序列的植被信息提取。     

结合主动学习和词袋模型的高分二号遥感影像自动化分类

高分卫星遥感影像空间分辨率的提高,使得地物的光谱和纹理变得更加丰富和复杂,这给遥感影像的自动化分类带来严重挑战。因此,本文提出了一种结合主动学习和词袋模型的高分二号遥感影像分类方法。首先,对研究区域进行多尺度分割,建立影像分割对象集;然后,采用词袋模型构建影像对象的语义特征向量;最后,充分考虑位于分类边界的不确定性样本分布,迭代选择最优样本用于训练支持向量机,用于分类遥感影像。为了验证本文方法的有效性和稳健性,以山东省某市的高分二号遥感影像为试验数据进行了试验分析。结果表明,本文提出的方法可以有效地将研究区域分为水体、地面、植被和建筑物四类,正确率达到90.6%以上。     

Updating the Phase 1 habitat map of Wales, UK, using satellite sensor data

The Phase 1 Survey is the most comprehensive and widely used national level map of semi-natural habitats in Wales. However, the survey was based largely on field survey and was conducted over several decades, before being completed in 1997. Given that resources for a repeat survey were limited, this study has used an object-orientated rule-based classification implemented within eCognition of multi-temporal satellite sensor data acquired between 2003 and 2006 to map semi-natural habitats and agricultural land across Wales, thereby allowing a progressive update of the Phase 1 Survey. The classification of objects to Phase 1 habitat classes was undertaken in two steps; firstly the landscape of Wales was divided into objects using orthorectified SPOT-5 High Resolution Geometric (HRG) reflectance data (10 m spatial resolution) and Land Parcel Information System (LPIS) boundaries. A rule-base was then developed to progressively discriminate and map the distribution of 105 sub-habitats across Wales based on time-series of SPOT HRG, Terra-1 Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) LISS-3 data, derived datasets (e.g., vegetation indices, fractional images) and ancillary information (e.g., topography). The rules coupled knowledge of ecology and the information content of these remote sensing data using a combination of thresholds, Boolean operations and fuzzy membership functions. A second rule-base was then developed to translate the more detailed sub-habitat classification to Phase 1 habitat classes. Indicative accuracies of the revised Phase 1 mapping, based on comparisons with the later Phase 2 survey (for selected habitats), were >80% overall and typically between 70% and 90% for many classes. Through this exercise, Wales has become the first country in Europe to produce a national map of habitats (as opposed to land cover) through object-orientated classification of satellite sensor data. Furthermore, the approach can be adapted to allow continual monitoring of the extent and condition of habitats and agricultural land.     

贵州茂兰喀斯特森林植被演替序列的数量分析

综合运用双向指示种分析法( TWINSPAN)及除趋势对应分析法( DCA)进行分类及排序,确定了贵州茂兰国家级自然保护区森林群落的演替序列。结果表明: 根据DCA排序可将研究区植被群落的演替过程分为四个阶段,即草地→ 灌丛→乔林→顶极群落;根据TW IN SPAN分类结果可将植被分为11个群丛,其中,第Ⅰ 、Ⅱ 、Ⅲ 、Ⅳ 群丛为草本阶段,第Ⅴ 、Ⅵ 群丛为灌丛阶段,Ⅶ 、Ⅷ 、Ⅸ 群丛为乔林阶段,第Ⅹ 、Ⅺ群丛为顶极阶段。茂兰喀斯特植被演替顶极群落为亚热带常绿落叶阔叶林群落,是一种典型的地形— 土壤演替顶极,是植被与当地环境长期适应的结果。      

利用Sentinel-2A多光谱成像仪与Landsat8陆地成像仪影像进行普陀山岛植被分类效果比较

卫星遥感技术可用于海岛资源调查。Sentinel-2A与Landsat 8两颗卫星都可免费提供空间分辨率较高的多光谱遥感影像,在海岛调查中的应用潜力较大。本文以浙江舟山普陀山岛为例开展了针对这两种影像在海岛植被分类中的应用效果的研究,分别利用Sentinel-2A多光谱成像仪（MSI）和Landsat 8陆地成像仪（OLI）影像基于最大似然法分类获得了该岛阔叶林、针阔混交林、针叶林、灌丛、草丛等植被及其他地物的分布情况,并进行了精度检验,结果表明MSI的总体分类精度略高于OLI。     

一种基于马尔可夫随机场的影像纹理分类方法

针对纹理影像先估计出其马尔可夫随机场参数,后运用多元统计分析中模糊聚类分析的数学方法进行定量分类,从而为解决划分上的不确定性现象找出描述方法,获得客观的分类结果。     

利用X射线衍射测定单斜辉石中硬玉组分含量

硬玉是单斜辉石中十分重要的端元组分,是单斜辉石分类的主要基础。利用x射线衍射分析确定的硬玉组分含量计算式为Jd(％)=[A-2.235]×25.741,其中Jd为硬玉组分百分含量,A为2—Theta角为30°(d=2.97)时峰值的相对强度Ⅰ与半高宽的乘积,其计算误差仅6.32％。