宽额鲈染色体核型研究及制作方法的比较

本文首次在鱼类染色体研究中采用静脉抽血肾细胞制片法获得了形态清晰的宽额鲈染色体核型。同时比较了静脉抽血肾细胞制片法与PHA、秋水仙素腹腔注射肾细胞制片的常规鱼类染色体制片法制片效果上的差异．结果表明，两种制片方法获得的宽额鲈染色体核型均为2n=48=4st 44t，NF=50．静脉抽血肾细胞制片法在获得较好染色体中期分裂相的同时还获得部分染色体后期分裂相。但由于该方法未使用秋水仙素。获得染色体中期分裂相相对较少．     

法螺(Chanoria tritonis)染色体核型分析

法螺(Chanoria tritonis)是珊瑚敌害生物长棘海星的天敌,在维持珊瑚礁生态系统平衡中具有重要作用。近年来由于人类过量捕杀,法螺数量急剧减少,开展法螺的人工繁育工作迫在眉睫。染色体研究是遗传育种工作的基础。目前,有关法螺的染色体研究在世界范围内尚属空白。本实验以法螺面盘幼虫为材料,采用秋水仙素溶液及低渗溶液处理,热滴片法制片,对染色体进行Giemsa染色来研究法螺的核型。结果表明,法螺染色体二倍体数2n=70,核型为2n=32m+18sm+20st,NF=120。部分分裂相中出现2条异形染色体,是否为性染色体还有待确认。染色体组中第2对和第16对中部着丝粒染色体上具有次缢痕。对我国已进行过染色体核型研究的腹足纲贝类进行统计表明,法螺是目前已知的染色体数目最多的物种。     

棘头梅童鱼的细胞遗传学特征和X1X1X2X2/X1X2Y性染色体系统

我们通过荧光染色、自身基因组原位杂交（Self-GISH）和多色荧光原位杂交（FISH）,首次研究了棘头梅童鱼（Richardson,1844）的核型特征。雌性核型有24对端部着丝粒染色体（2n=48a,NF=48）,而雄性核型包含22对端部着丝粒染色体,2条端部着丝粒染色体单体和1条中间着丝粒染色体（2n=1m+46a,NF=48）。雌性和雄性核型之间的差异表明,棘头梅童鱼的性染色体系统为X₁X₁X₂X₂/X₁X₂Y型,其中Y为雄性中特有的中间着丝粒染色体。三色FISH结果显示,5S rDNA和18S rDNA位点定位在最大的端着丝粒染色体（X₁）以及Y染色体的短臂;X₁染色体上有一个特异的臂间端粒信号（ITS）,与5S rDNA位点部分重叠。Self-GISH结果显示,在推定的性染色体DNA重复序列聚集。根据实验结果我们提出关于棘头梅童鱼Y染色体起源的假说：Y染色体起源于祖先核型（2n=48a）中的两条端部着丝染色体融合,并且在此过程中伴随着片段缺失。本研究首次在石首鱼科中描述了异形的性染色体,将为其他石首鱼的性染色体研究提供线索。     

Cytogenetics of Anodonta cygnea (Mollusca: Bivalvia) as possible indicator of environmental adversity

Anodonta cygnea is a freshwater clam, belonging to the Unionidae family, which can be found in rivers and lagoons all over Europe and Northern America. As they appear as important case studies for ecological damage assessments, the various species of the Unionidae family have been submitted to a sort of recent studies on their chromosomal or cytogenetic status. In this study we confirmed the diploid chromosome number of 2n = 38 for this species, and established for the first time the karyotype, which comprised six metacentric, 12 submetacentric and one subtelocentric chromosome pairs. We also found a high percentage of cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes. Considering that karyotype disturbances in Unionids have been previously related with exposure to chemicals, either natural or produced by human activity, we determined the aneuploidy index for our population. The aneuploidy index is an excellent marker for pollutant presence/effect. The animals acclimatized in tap water and in natural water from the lake where the individuals were collected showed different levels of aneuploidy. The higher values were found in tap water. Chromosome analysis techniques seem a suitable tool to study the impact of contaminants referred above, and making A. cygnea a suitable organism for assessment of an eugenic damage in aquatic systems. On the other hand, our results also point out to the importance of doing the acclimatizing process of the collected animals in their own natural water.     

花尾胡椒鲷、胡椒鲷的染色体核型与Ag-NORs带研究

PHA体内注射后,按肾细胞直接法和银染法研究花尾胡椒鲷(Plectorhinchus cinctus)、胡椒鲷(Plectorhinchus pictus)染色体核型及Ag-NORs带.两种鱼核型公式均为2n=48,48t,NF=48.胡椒鲷具有1个大的NORs,呈圆球形,位于端部着丝粒染色体端部;花尾胡椒鲷也具有1个较小的NORs,呈2个棒状结构,位于端部着丝粒染色体的端部.     

线纹尖塘鳢的形态特征、染色体核型及分类学地位

以1996年由澳大利亚Fiyzroy河水系引进的野生线纹尖塘鳢幼鱼群体和经池塘驯养、混合选育、繁殖多代的幼成鱼为材料,进行形态生物学的观测、分类地位研究;采用PHA腹腔注射、肾细胞直接制片法,进行染色体核型分析。结果表明,线纹尖塘鳢(Oxyeleotris lineolatus)与云斑尖塘鳢(O. marmoratus)是尖塘鳢属中亲缘关系最接近的单系类群,完成了其系统分类学的定位,支持将尖塘鳢从塘鳢属中分出的传统分类处理,从细胞学角度,证明传统分类的正确性。提出两种尖塘鳢种间杂交可能性很大,与塘鳢属、乌塘鳢属和沙塘鳢属间杂交的可能性也存在。     

Morphological and karyotypic variation in three wild populations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Meretrix meretrix</Emphasis>

Three wild populations of Meretrix meretrix sampled from Dongxing, Beihai, and Shankou along the coast of Guangxi, China, were investigated with morphometry and karyometry. Six morphological indices （shell length, shell height, shell width, hinge length, total wet weight and shell weight） were measured. Differences in all morphological indices except hinge length were significant among the three populations （P 〈 0.05）. The mean values of these indices （except for the hinge length） in the Dongxing population were larger than those in the Beihai and Shankou populations, although the latter had the largest hinge length. The karyotype of the Beihai, Shankou and Dongxing samples had ten metacentric, six submetacentric, and three subtelocentric chromosome pairs. No significant difference was shown in the centromeric index values of the chromosomes in the populations （P〉0.05）. However, the order of metacentric, submetacentric and subtelocentric chromosome pairs was variable among the three populations. The results indicate a high level of inter-population variation in morphology and karyotype.     

星斑裸颊鲷的核型研究

利用胸腔注射PHA及秋水仙索溶液。取头肾细胞以空气干燥法制片对星斑裸颊鲷进行了染色体核型研究。结果表明其染色体核型公式为2n=48,48t，NF=48．未发现有随体染色体、次缢痕及性染色体。其核型属特点符合典型的高位类群鱼类核型特征。     

小荚蛏的核型分析

以小荚蛏(Siliqua minimai Gmelin)担轮幼虫为材料,采用热滴片法进行染色体制备和核型分析。结果表明,小荚蛏二倍体染色体数目为2n=38,核型公式为2n=12m 14sm 10st 2t,染色体臂数(NF)=64,未发现性染色体和随体。与已经研究的大竹蛏、缢蛏和长竹蛏相比,小荚蛏核型更不对称,st/t类型数量更多,推测小荚蛏较为原始。用类平均法对它们进行聚类分析,结果小荚蛏与它们的亲缘关系最远。     

真鲷、黑鲷及其杂交子代的染色体构成与AFLP分析

采用核型分析和AFLP技术对真鲷、黑鲷及其杂交子代进行遗传差异分析。结果显示真鲷、黑鲷和杂交子代均含有48条染色体,核型分别为2n=2st+46t,NF=48、2n=4m+4sm+2st+38t,NF=56和2n=30m+8sm+2st+8t=48,NF=86,杂交子代核型与其父、母本种均不一致。两对AFLP选扩引物组合在真鲷、黑鲷和杂交子代中共扩增到278个条带,其中黑鲷特异性条带93条、真鲷特异性条带108条;杂交子代中分别出现了21条父本种(黑鲷)特异条带和67条母本种(真鲷)特异条带,另出现了15条非双亲条带。杂交子代与真鲷、黑鲷的遗传相似系数和遗传距离分别为0.113、0.350和2.180、1.050,表明杂交子代总体上更偏向于母本种。染色体核型和AFLP条带分析结果表明真鲷(♀)×黑鲷(♂)所获得的杂交子代为含有48条染色体的异源二倍体,且父、母本遗传物质在杂交中发生了部分重组,杂交子代表现出一定的偏母系遗传特性。