Phylogenomic analysis of transcriptomic sequences of mitochondria and chloroplasts of essential brown algae (Phaeophyceae) in China

The chloroplast and mitochondrion of brown algae （Class Phaeophyceae of Phylum Ochrophyta） may have originated from different endosymbiosis. In this study, we carried out phylogenomic analysis to distinguish their evolutionary lineages by using algal RNA-seq datasets of the 1 000 Plants （1KP） Project and publicly available complete genomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts of Kingdom Chromista. We have found that there is a split between Class Phaeophyceae of Phylum Ochrophyta and the others （Phylum Cryptophyta and Haptophyta） in Kingdom Chromista, and identified more diversity in chloroplast genes than mitochondrial ones in their phylogenetic trees. Taxonomy resolution for Class Phaeophyceae showed that it was divided into Laminariales-Ectocarpales clade and Fucales clade, and phylogenetic positions of Kjellmaniella crassi-folia, Hizikia fusifrome and Ishige okamurai were confirmed. Our analysis provided the basic phylogenetic relationships of Chromista algae, and demonstrated their potential ability to study endosymbiotic events.     

福建省前峰硫-多金属矿矿床特征及几个成因问题的讨论

福建省前峰硫 多金属矿的形成具明显的层控特征。矿体赋存于上石碳统─下二叠统船山组及栖霞组灰岩中，成矿作用是多期叠加的、复杂的。在与生物礁有关的沉积阶段，生物吸附提供了主要硫源，后期热液改造对沉积成矿作用有着继承性，区域动力变质热液及其派生的分泌、分异成矿热液，以及与岩浆有关的热液多期次参与矿床的变质改造，而这些热液活动均与政和 大埔深大断裂有关。     

Relationship between the haplotype distribution of Artemisia halodendron(Asteraceae) and hydrothermal regions in Horqin Sandy Land,northern China

The genetic diversity of Artemisia halodendron(Asteraceae), a constructive and dominant species in Horqin Sandy Land,was investigated to examine the genetic relationships with different hydrothermal regions in Horqin Sandy Land. We sequenced chloroplast DNA(cp DNA) fragments(trn L–F) of 243 plants from 10 populations across the Horqin Sandy Land.The analyses of cp DNA variation identified seven haplotypes. A low level of haplotype diversity(H_d=0.706) and nucleotide diversity(π=0.0013) was detected. Haplotypes clustered into two tentative clades. Low genetic differentiation among regions was consistently indicated by hierarchical analyses of molecular variance(AMOVA). Across the sampled populations, the haplotype distributions were differentiated with hydrothermal gradients.     

Isolation of Chloroplasts from Marine Microalga Isochrysis galbana Parke for Their Lipid Composition Analysis

Marine microalga Isochrysis galbana is an important feed species with a high nutritional value.Different from other uni-cellular algae,its cell contains two chloroplasts which are the major sites for lipid synthesis.Here,we optimized a chloroplast isola-tion approach suitable for the isolation of I.galbana chloroplasts and determined the purity and integrity of the isolated chloroplasts through microscopic observations and enzyme activity assay.The chloroplast lipids were analyzed with a ultrahigh-performance li-quid chromatography-Q Exactive Orbitrap-mass spectrometry.This newly developed isolation approach is simple and reliable to isolate chloroplasts with high integrity and purity.The average yield of intact chloroplasts was 15.3%±0.1%.Glycolipids and acyl-glycerols were the main chloroplast lipids.Glycolipids accounted for 56.6%of chloroplast lipid.Digalactosyldiacylglycerol(DGDG),monogalactosyldiacylglycerol(MGDG)and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol(SQDG)were the main glyceroglycolipids.The fatty acyl R1/R2 were mostly 18:4/16:1,18:3/16:1 and 18:4/18:5 in DGDGs,14:0/18:4,18:4/18:5,18:4/18:4 and 18:3/18:4 in MGDGs and 16:0/14:0,16:0/18:3,and 18:4/18:3 in SQDGs.In addition,diacylglycerol(DAG)was the most abundant acylglycerols;the content of 22:6/18:4-DAG was the highest.There was a little amount of glycosphingolipid(GSL)in chloroplast.Digalactosylmonoglyceride(DGMG),monogalactosylmonoglyceride(MGMG),sulfoquinovosylmonoacylglycerol(SQMG),monoglyceride(MAG),phospholi-pids(PLs),ceramide(Cer)and betaine lipids were nearly undetectable in chloroplast.The fatty acid proportions of DGDGs,MGDGs,SQDGs,DAGs,triglycerides(TAGs)and GSLs were either higher or lower than or similar to those of whole-cell.Collectively,our isolation approach is applicable to many aspects of chloroplast biology,and may offer a reference for the isolation of chloroplasts from other marine microalgae.     

Eco-physiological mechanisms of Caragana korshinskii Kom. adaptation to extreme drought stress: Leaf abscission and maintaining stem chloroplast integrity

In order to study the eco-physiological mechanisms of C. korshinskii adaptation to extreme drought stress, we investigated the variations of water content in soil, leaves, and stems, the chlorophyll a and b and the carotenoid content in leaves and stems, as well as changes of chloroplast ultrastructure in 2-year-old C. korshinskii specimens during a progressive soil drought process (by ceasing watering until all leaves were shed) and a subsequent rehydration process. During the dehydration process, the chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid contents in the leaves decreased, as did the carotenoid content in the stems. During the 4-day rehydration process, the chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid contents in the leaves and stems increased and gradually returned to normal levels. During ongoing drought stress, chloroplasts in the leaves broke away from cell walls and appeared in the center of cells. Under severe drought stress, the mesophyll ultrastructure and chloroplast configuration in leaves were irreversibly disturbed, as manifested by the inner and outer membranes being destroyed; the thylakoid system disintegrated, the starch grain disappeared, and parts of cell tissue were dismantled into debris. However, the mesophyll ultrastructure and chloroplast configuration in the stems remained complete. This indicates that C. korshinskii utilizes leaf abscission to reduce the surface area to avoid damage from extreme drought stress, and maintains chloroplast integrity and a considerable amount of chlorophyll to enable a rapid recovery of photosynthesis under the rehydration process.     

3种不同生境芦苇叶表皮微形态和叶绿体结构特征分析

 以生长于中国西北腾格里沙漠边缘的3种芦苇,沙丘芦苇(沙芦)、戈壁盐湖芦苇(盐芦)和水生芦苇(水芦)为材料,通过扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜的观测,对3种生境芦苇叶片上表皮表面形态结构、叶肉细胞以及叶绿体结构进行了研究。结果发现,3种芦苇在其长期适应各自生境的过程中,其叶片表面形态结构和叶肉细胞均发生了适应性改变。与水生芦苇相比较,两种陆生型在适应各自极端生境的过程中,通过气孔下陷、减少气孔密度、缩小气孔口径、并在表面形成高密度的绒毛状蜡质晶体结构等途径减少蒸腾,提高植物对各自干旱或盐渍生境的适应。盐芦比沙芦这种适应性特征更加明显, 并在表面形成有类似于盐腺的特殊结构。同时,沙芦和盐芦叶绿体主要以长梭状而非水芦的圆形或椭圆状形态存在,并且叶绿体中淀粉粒数量增多(特别是盐芦)。这些不同生境中发生的可塑性适应调整可能通过感受环境条件的变化而参与了芦苇对长期干旱或盐渍生境的适应。     

Comparative studies on leaf epidermal micromorphology and mesophyll structure of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. in two different regions of desert habitat

In order to obtain qualitative and quantitative characteristics of leaf epidermal micromorphology and mesophyll structure to evaluate the responses of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. to different environment...     

太湖光合自养真核超微藻遗传多样性初探

采用真核藻类叶绿体16S rRNA的引物PLA491F、OXY1313R,通过PCR、构建基因克隆库的方法初步调查了太湖梅梁湾和东太湖光合自养真核超微藻的遗传多样性.结果表明,太湖自养型真核超微藻主要为隐藻(Cryptophyta),其次为硅藻(Bacillariophyta)、金藻(Chrysophyta)和定鞭藻(Haptophyta).该结果有助于我们更全面地了解太湖浮游藻类的群落结构及生态功能.     

Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile: A Structural Study of the Photosynthetic Apparatus

Abstract. P. oceanica forms broad prairies which completely surround the island of Ischia. This is a histochemical and ultrastructural study of the photosynthetic apparatus of the Posidonia plant. In the leaf, epidermal cells have a porous region underneath the cuticle and contain most of the chloroplasts. Fiber bundles run hypodermally and phenol storing cells are present in the mesophyll. Chloroplast ontogenesis is characterized by juvenile stages with provesicular bodies. Sea depth apparently affects some morphological features of the photosynthetic apparatus, like leaf blade thickness, phenolic cell and hypodermal fiber frequency.     

分子生物学在微藻分类研究中的应用

通过与传统微藻分类方法的比较,说明微藻分子分类技术的产生与发展,并从线粒体DNA（mtDNA）、叶绿体DNA（cpDNA）和核基因组DNA（nDNA）3个方面列举了分子分类技术在微藻鉴定和生理生态方面的应用,着重说明了核基困组在藻类分子检测中的作用。并对微藻分子分类技术的问题与发展进行了总结与展望。