Validation of MODIS Vegetation Continuous Fields for monitoring deforestation and forest degradation: two cases in Mexico

This study assesses whether MODIS Vegetation Continuous Fields percent tree cover (PTC) data can detect deforestation and forest degradation. To assess the usefulness of PTC for detecting deforestation, we used a data set consisting of eight forest and seven non-forest categories. To evaluate forest degradation, we used data from two temperate forest types in three conservation states: primary (dense), secondary (moderately degraded) and open (heavily degraded) forest. Our results show that PTC can differentiate temperate forest from non-forest categories (p = 0.05) and thus suggests PTC can adequately detect deforestation in temperate forests. In contrast, single-date PTC data does not appear to be adequate to detect forest degradation in temperate forests. As for tropical forest, PTC can partially discriminate between forest and non-forest categories.     

兴蒙造山带—华北克拉通地球化学走廊带沉积物主成分的含量与空间分布研究

选取兴蒙造山带—华北克拉通地球化学走廊带上沉积物的SiO_2、Al_2O_3、CaO、MgO、Na_2O、K_2O、TFe_2O_3、FeO、TiO_2、MnO、P_2O_5、CO_2、H_2O~+、pH十四个指标,研究其在不同二级构造单元、地理景观、土壤类型、降雨量等级下的含量与空间分布特征,并讨论该地球化学走廊带上化学蚀变指数。结果表明:在兴蒙造山带—华北克拉通地球化学走廊带上,作为沉积物主体的SiO_2、Al_2O_3两者含量为明显负相关而空间分布表现出此消彼长的特征;CaO、MgO、CO_2高含量分布区则与碳酸盐岩地层或含碳酸盐矿物的土壤有关,而MgO的高含量还与走廊带上镁铁质基性-超基性岩有一定关系,表明了这三个指标的高含量受特定岩性或矿物的影响较大;Na_2O、K_2O含量除了受继承的基岩影响外,还受到后期的风化作用和气候及自身地球化学性质等复杂因素综合影响,对Na_2O来说尤为如此;TFe_2O_3、MnO、TiO_2、P_2O_5相对于在地质背景复杂地段,经过冲积平原的沉积物混匀后,含量差异更小;相对干冷的内蒙古半干旱草原的气候条件有利于FeO存在,使得其相对燕山地区含量差异较TFe_2O_3要小,在章丘以南相对温暖湿润地区更易被氧化而导致其含量整体较低;北方干冷气候条件下,沉积物H_2O~+含量普遍较低,局部高含量位于碳酸盐岩地层或第四系分布区;走廊带上的pH值反映了沉积物偏碱性的特征,而在章丘以南的地区随着降雨量的增加,相对温暖湿润的气候条件,沉积物pH值表现为中性-偏弱酸性;兴蒙造山带—华北克拉通地球化学走廊带沉积物的CIA值反映出在寒冷、干燥气候条件下低等的化学风化程度,兴蒙造山带沉积物平均风化程度相对华北克拉通沉积物的平均风化程度差异变化相对要小,显示兴蒙造山带的降雨量与温度等风化影响因素变化较小。作为反映元素的地球化学亲和性的量化指标,离子电位可以更好地帮助理解沉积物元素的含量和空间分布差异。     

新疆博格达山北麓白杨河剖面页岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

通过博格达山北麓白杨河剖面芦草沟组页岩的地球化学特征的综合研究,讨论了芦草沟组页岩的元素富集特征和沉积环境以及源区物源特征和构造背景。结果表明:1研究区页岩P元素极为富集,这受控于页岩中凝灰质火山灰夹层的广泛发育;2对比于世界页岩微量元素分布,白杨河页岩相对富集Li、B、Pr、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm和Lu元素,其他元素相对亏损;3白杨河剖面页岩地化参数揭示芦草沟组自下而上气候由温湿向干热转变,进而引起水体由淡水向咸水的转变和还原程度的进一步加强;4物源区遭受低级-中等风化程度,物源类型主要为长英质火成岩,其次为铁镁质火成岩;5物源区大地构造背景以大陆岛弧-活动大陆边缘构造背景为主。     

云南磷铝石谱学特征研究

使用电子探针、X射线粉晶衍射仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、激光拉曼光谱仪、紫外可见分光光度计等仪器,对最近在云南发现的一种达到宝石级别的磷铝石进行了化学成分、矿物组成、红外吸收光谱、拉曼光谱、紫外可见吸收光谱等方面的研究。化学成分分析结果表明,该磷铝石的主要化学成分为P和Al,并含有少量的Fe和V;X射线粉晶衍射结果显示,该磷铝石的矿物成分主要为磷铝石,杂质较少;红外光谱与拉曼光谱分析均检出磷酸根基团的特征峰,红外光谱分析还显示有结晶水与结构水的存在;紫外可见吸收光谱在300和420 nm附近的吸收归属于Fe3+,630 nm附近较宽缓的吸收带由Fe3+和V3+共同产生。并将磷铝石与绿松石进行了谱学方面的对比分析,以便更好地区分两者。     

缅甸与莫桑比克红宝石的元素含量及紫外可见光谱学特征对比研究

采用镜下观察、激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱、紫外-可见吸收光谱等观察测试方法,对缅甸和莫桑比克红宝石的常规宝石学、包裹体、化学元素含量及紫外光谱特征进行了系统的对比研究。结果表明,缅甸红宝石在紫外荧光灯下呈现较强的红色荧光,内部含有互为60°夹角定向排列的短针状金红石、"糖浆状"构造等特征包裹体,具有低Fe、高V、高Ga的微量元素特征,紫外区吸收截止边小于320 nm,且694 nm处的荧光较强。莫桑比克红宝石在紫外荧光灯下荧光较弱,内部可见双晶面、无序排列的金红石和角闪石晶体等特征包裹体,具有高Fe、低V、低Ga的微量元素特征,紫外区吸收截止边在350 nm附近。上述性质可用作区分缅甸和莫桑比克红宝石的标志性识别特征。     

Shelf‐margin clinothem progradation,degradation and readjustment: Tanqua depocentre,Karoo Basin (South Africa)

Degradation of basin‐margin clinothems around the shelf‐edge rollover zone may lead to the generation of conduits through which gravity flows transport sediment downslope. Many studies from seismic‐reflection data sets show these features, but they lack small‐scale (centimetre to metre) sedimentary and stratigraphic observations on process interactions. Exhumed basin‐margin clinothems in the Tanqua depocentre (Karoo Basin) provide seismic‐reflection‐scale geometries and internal details of architecture with depositional dip and strike control. At the Geelhoek locality, clinothem parasequences comprise siltstone‐rich offshore deposits overlain by heterolithic prodelta facies and sandstone‐dominated deformed mouth bars. Three of these parasequences are truncated by a steep (6 to 22°), 100 m deep and 1·5 km wide asymmetrical composite erosion surface that delineates a shelf‐incised canyon. The fill, from base to top comprises: (i) thick‐bedded sandstone with intrabasinal clasts and multiple erosion surfaces; (ii) scour‐based interbedded sandstone and siltstone with tractional structures; and (iii) inverse‐graded to normal‐graded siltstone beds. An overlying 55 m thick coarsening‐upward parasequence fills the upper section of the canyon and extends across its interfluves. Younger parasequences display progressively shallower gradients during progradation and healing of the local accommodation. The incision surface resulted from initial oversteepening and high sediment supply triggering deformation and collapse at the shelf edge, enhanced by a relative sea‐level fall that did not result in subaerial exposure of the shelf edge. Previous work identified an underlying highly incised, sandstone‐rich shelf‐edge rollover zone across‐margin strike, suggesting that there was migration in the zone of shelf edge to upper‐slope incision over time. This study provides an unusual example of clinothem degradation and readjustment with three‐dimensional control in an exhumed basin‐margin succession. The work demonstrates that large‐scale erosion surfaces can develop and migrate due to a combination of factors at the shelf‐edge rollover zone and proposes additional criteria to predict clinothem incision and differential sediment bypass in consistently progradational systems.     

东北多年冻土退化及环境效应研究现状与展望

东北多年冻土属中高纬度多年冻土,对气候变化非常敏感。数据模型模拟表明,21世纪东北多年冻土区气温会持续上升,显著的变暖将导致多年冻土退化。东北多年冻土呈现自南向北的区域性退化趋势,多年冻土区南部表现为南界的北移、融区的扩大和多年冻土的消失,而北部表现为多年冻土下限的上移、活动层厚度增大及地温升高等。多年冻土的退化会导致寒区生态环境的恶化,如兴安落叶松占绝对优势的天然林带锐减,林带北移,沼泽湿地萎缩等。随着多年冻土的迅速退缩和变薄,原多年冻土中蕴藏的碳将释放出来,对气候变化产生积极的正反馈,加速变暖,并影响全球碳循环。多年冻土退化导致其热状态失稳而造成寒区基础设施损坏,并且影响冻土微生物、碳循环、寒区生态和水文等,而它们是区域气候变化的重要因子,也将成为未来多年冻土研究的重点。而这些研究都需要长期的基础数据作支撑,因此需要进一步完善冻土参数监测网络,用模型厘清气候变化与多年冻土退化及其环境效应之间的关系。     

季节性低温胁迫下陇东黄土高原油污土壤环境因子对耐冷混合菌场地生态修复的响应

为了揭示季节性低温胁迫下陇东黄土高原油污土壤环境因子对耐冷混合菌场地生态修复的响应机制,利用自主筛选构建的耐冷石油降解混合菌在甘肃省庆阳市庆城县马岭镇长庆油田陇东油泥处理站开展了为期7个月的场地修复实验,采用常规方法测定了不同季节土壤理化特性、酶活性和微生物群落特性等环境指标。结果表明：（1）在季节性低温胁迫下（9-11月）M2组（耐冷混合菌处理组）月平均降解率明显增加（P<0.01）,JZJ+M1组（金盏菊联合常温混合菌处理组）和M2组累计TPH降解率分别为15.37%±3.51%和28.64%±4.12%。（2）M2组土壤脱氢酶和多酚氧化酶在低温季节（LT）活性最高,且温度和处理存在显著交互作用（P<0.01）。在土壤营养元素方面,无论何种处理方式（JZJ+M1和M2）二者含量均为RT（常温季节）高于LT（P<0.05）,同时明显高于CK组（P<0.05）。（3）M2组土壤微生物群落Shannon-Wiener指数和均匀度指数在LT高于RT（P<0.05）。（4）NMDS和Pearson相关性分析结果显示,M2组在低温季节具有较高TPH降解率主要与土壤多酚氧化酶、脱氢酶、单月TPH降解率（μ2）和Shannon-Wiener指数有关,且均呈极显著正相关关系。通过分析环境因子的季节响应,优化场地修复在低温环境的降解条件、加速低温期石油烃降解速率,以期为陇东地区低温耐冷混合菌场地生态修复技术的推广应用提供参考和基础数据资料。     

Comparative Study of Acid and Alkaline Stimulants with Granite in an Enhanced Geothermal System

The Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) is an artificial geothermal system that aims to economically extract heat from hot dry rock (HDR) through the creation of an artificial geothermal reservoir. Chemical stimulation is thought to be an effective method to create fracture networks and open existing fractures in hot dry rocks by injecting chemical agents into the reservoir to dissolve the minerals. Granite is a common type of hot dry rock. In this paper, a series of chemical stimulation experiments were implemented using acid and alkaline agents under high temperature and pressure conditions that mimic the environment of formation. Granite rock samples used in the experiments are collected from the potential EGS reservoir in the Matouying area, Hebei, China. Laboratory experimental results show that the corrosion ratio per unit area of rock is 3.2% in static acid chemical experiments and 0.51% in static alkaline chemical experiments. The permeability of the core is increased by 1.62 times in dynamic acid chemical experiments and 2.45 times in dynamic alkaline chemical experiments. A scanning electron microscope analysis of the core illustrates that secondary minerals, such as chlorite, spherical silica, and montmorillonite, were formed, due to acid-rock interaction with plagioclase being precipitated by alkaline-rock interactions. Masking agents in alkaline chemical agents can slightly reduce the degree of plagioclase formation. A chemical simulation model was built using TOUGHREACT, the mineral dissolution and associated ion concentration variation being reproduced by this reactive transport model.     

基于外部性理论的湿地退化成因分析及对策研究

基于生态经济学中的外部性原理,结合湿地生态系统的准公共物品属性、外部经济性、外部不经济性以及代际外部性等属性,分析湿地退化的成因.结果表明：湿地萎缩加剧、生态服务功能衰退主要是由于人类缺乏对湿地功能与效益的正确认识,以及不合理的利益分配机制导致的成本外溢现象,从事湿地保护的正外部性行为未得到应有的补偿,负外部性行为未付出应有的代价,并提出应建立因地制宜的多元化生态补偿机制.