Formation Mechanism of the Changxing Formation Gas Reservoir in the Yuanba Gas Field, Sichuan Basin, China

In a very gentle platform-margin paleogeographic environment, platform-margin reef flat facies carbonate reservoir rocks were developed in the Changxing Formation of Yuanba field. Later weak structural evolution and diagenetic evolution caused the Changxing Formation to form lithologic traps, with good reservoirs such as dissolved bioclastic dolostone and dissolved pore dolostone. The Changxing Formation gas reservoir is a pseudo-layered porous lithologic gas reservoir under pressure depletion drive, with high H2S and moderate CO2 contents. This paper predictes that the conducting system for the Changxing Formation gas reservoir is possibly composed of the pores and microfractures in the Changxing Formation reservoir, the top erosional surface of the Changxing Formation, as well as the micropores and microfractures in the underlying formations. The Changxing Formation reservoir has experienced 3 hydrocarbon charging stages. This paper suggests that diffusion is the major formation mechanism for this gas reservoir. In the Middle and Late Yanshanian, the Yuanba area entered the major gas charging stage. The gas migrated mainly through diffusion and with the assistance of seepage flow in small faults and microfractures from the source rocks and the other oil-bearing strata to the Changxing Formation carbonate reservoir rocks, forming lithologic gas pools. In the Himalayan Epoch, the lithologic traps were uplifted as a whole without strong modification or overlapping, and were favorable for gas preservation.     

The electrical properties of Mars analogue dust

Dust is a major environmental factor on the surface and in the atmosphere of Mars. Knowing the electrical charge state of this dust would be of both scientific interest and important for the safety of instruments on the Martian surface. In this study the first measurements have been performed of dust electrification using suspended Mars analogue material. This has been achieved by attracting suspended dust onto electrodes placed inside a Mars simulation wind tunnel. The Mars analogue used was from Salten Skov in Denmark, this contained a high concentration of ferric oxide precipitate. Once suspended, this dust was found to consist of almost equal quantities of negatively (46±6%) and positively (44±15%) charged grains.These grains were estimated to typically carry a net charge of around 10⁵e, this is sufficient to dominate the processes of adhesion and cohesion of this suspended dust. Evidence is presented for electrostatic aggregation of the dust while in suspension. Development of a simple instrument for measuring electrical charging of the suspended dust on Mars will be discussed.     

川中龙王庙组气藏多期充注特征及对寒武纪早期海相烃源岩发育的指示意义

为了研究古老超深层天然气藏的充注模式,探讨寒武纪早期海相烃源岩的质量、规模和寿命,笔者等选取高石梯—磨溪地区龙王庙组气藏作为研究对象,结合区域构造演化史和烃源岩生烃史,应用盐水包裹体均一温度与储集层埋藏史温度对比的方法,建立了充注模式,并追踪其烃源岩层位为下寒武统筇竹寺组;从寒武纪早期古气候、古环境和古生物等的角度,分析了该时期形成海相烃源岩的有机生产力和保存条件。研究显示,四川盆地超深层气藏的形成经历了古油藏、古裂解气藏和晚期干气的多期充注阶段,气藏充注来源于古油藏裂解气和超晚期源岩释放的天然气。这一事实指示了,早寒武纪的全球背景为高质量、大规模和长寿命的优质烃源岩发育提供了基础,对于四川盆地超级气盆地的形成提供了理论依据。     

琼东南盆地深水区天然气成藏过程及动力机制研究

琼东南盆地深水区中央峡谷已连续发现多个大中型气田,但天然气成藏过程、动力机制一直存有疑问,制约勘探新领域的拓展。综合应用有机地球化学、构造地质学及成藏动力学分析方法,对比剖析中央峡谷气田群莺歌海组 黄流组储层展布、天然气成熟度、母质来源及运聚特征。地球化学及地质分析表明天然气主要来自乐东 陵水凹陷深部的崖城组前三角洲- 浅海相泥岩,莺歌海组- 黄流组浊积水道纵横向展布、储盖组合及压力特征控制了天然气多期有序充注、聚集 逸散动平衡的过程,局部构造高点控制了成藏规模;中央拗陷带深部异常高压为规模成藏提供了充足动力和运移通道,垂向压力封存箱及区域盖层控制了天然气的富集层位,中央峡谷天然气成藏具备“垂向+侧向运移、常压—压力过渡带复式聚集”特征;强烈构造变形区有利于压力和流体的集中释放,峡谷下方的底辟上拱与峡谷下切呈现“似镜像”关系,导致剩余压力梯度大,形成天然气的高效输导体系。根据这一新的成藏模式,提出中央峡谷下方的梅山组构造圈闭及陵南斜坡、松南低凸起等是大中型气田的勘探新领域。     

重庆地区一次雷暴云电过程及其对初始云滴数浓度响应的数值模拟

采用耦合了Saunders和Takahashi两种非感应起电参数化方案的RAMS(Regional Atmospheric Modeling System)模式,对重庆地区一次雷暴过程进行模拟,对比分析了两种起电参数化方案下,电荷开始分离时和雷暴云发展到成熟阶段时的水成物粒子的分布、所带电荷密度以及雷暴云的电荷结构分布。模拟结果表明,在Saunders起电参数化方案下,雷暴云的电荷结构从起电到放电都呈现偶极性特征,而在Takahashi参数化方案下,雷暴云的电荷结构则由反偶极性发展成正偶极性。为研究CCN(cloud condensation nuclei)对雷暴云的影响,本文进行了两组敏感性试验,随着云滴初始数浓度增加,雷暴云的电荷结构没有发生极性翻转,但雷暴云中电荷量增加,电荷分布区域变大,有利于闪电发生。在Saunders起电参数化方案下,当云滴初始数浓度大于2 000 cm-3时,电荷量变小。通过分析微物理量场和微物理过程发现,随着云滴初始数浓度增加,冰相粒子质量混合比增加,在Saunders起电参数化方案下,当云滴初始数浓度大于2 000 cm-3时,霰粒子质量混合比减小。验证了CCN的变化能影响云的微物理过程,从而影响雷暴云的电荷分布以及闪电的发生,尤其是冰相物质的变化显著影响了雷暴云的起电过程。     

页岩气藏超低含水饱和度形成模拟及其意义

页岩气属于非常规天然气,资源丰富,开发潜力巨大。含水饱和度是控制致密气藏持续生产最关键的储层参数,然而现阶段对页岩气成藏中超低含水饱和度是否存在尚存在疑问。选取川渝地区页岩露头岩样,采用气驱法模拟了成藏过程中含水饱和度变化,结合川南页岩气储层地质特征,建立了生烃排驱的地质模型,提出了气携液的概念模型。结果表明,页岩气藏存在超低含水饱和度现象;页岩气成藏过程中大量生烃产生排驱效应与气携液作用,有利于页岩气储层超低含水饱和度的形成,气携液作用、裂缝和高温环境加速了含水饱和度降低;超低含水饱和度增加页岩气储层吸附能力,增大储层可流动孔喉范围,提高气相传输能力,但在工程作业过程中加大水相渗吸速率,强化水相滞留效应,使页岩气藏水相圈闭损害潜力更大。在页岩气有利区评价、气藏钻完井、开发过程中,须倍加重视超低含水饱和度这一客观事实和其衍生的工程作业问题。     

Total Lightning Characteristics and Electric Structure Evolution in a Hailstorm

In this paper, total lightning data observed by SAFIR3000 3-D Lightning Locating System combined to radar data to analyze characteristics of lightning activity and electric structure of a hailstorm that occurred in Beijing on 31 May 2005.The results indicated that there were two active periods for the lightning activity during the hailstorm process. The hail shooting was found in the first period. After the end of the hail shooting,lightning frequency decreased suddenly. However, more active lightning activities occurred in the second period with lots of them appearing in the cloud anvil region. The peak of the lightning frequency came about 5 min prior to the hail shooting. Only 6.16\% of the total lightning was cloud-to-ground (CG)lightning, among which 20\% had positive polarity. This percentage was higher than that in normal thunderstorms. In addition, heavier positive CG lightning discharge occurred before rather than after the hail shooting. In the stage of the hail shooting, the electric structure of the hailstorm was inverted, with the main negative charge region located around the -40℃ level and the main positive charge region around the -15℃ level. In addition, a weak negative charge region existed below the positive charge region transitorily. After the hail shooting, the electric structure underwent fast and persistent adjustments and became a normal tripole and lower levers with positive charge in the upper levels and negative charge in the middle level. However, the electric structure was tilted under the influence of the westly wind in the middle and upper levels. The lightning activity and electric structure were closely related to the dynamic and microphysical processes of the hailstorm. It was believed that severe storms with stronger updrafts were more conducive to an inverted tripolar electric structure than normal thunderstorms,and the inverted distribution could then facilitate more positive CG lightning in the severe storms.     

海上爆炸排淤填石陆上装药机具的研制与施工方法

介绍了海上爆炸排淤填石陆上装药机具的主要结构特点、参数和构造以及陆上装药施工方法。     

大牛地气田上古生界储层埋藏—成岩演化过程

综合运用铸体薄片、扫描电镜、包裹体测温和拉曼分析等资料和方法,从地层埋藏历史、地温、压力、储层成岩特征、储层流体差异和物性演化等方面对大牛地气田上古生界致密砂岩储层成岩-成藏过程进行细致解剖。研究表明:大牛地气田上古生界储层埋藏成岩过程可划分为强机械压实阶段、复杂成岩演化阶段、储层定型阶段和抬升-弱改造阶段。四者对应的典型特征分别为储层强烈减孔（压实率约22.2%～97.5%）;发生两期油气充注（距今约200 Ma和180 Ma）,同时成岩演化类型多样,深刻影响储层物性;发生第三期油气充注（距今约150 Ma）,并且多数储层达到致密化程度（孔隙度小于10%）;构造大幅度抬升,张裂缝弱发育。油气充注早于储层致密化,微裂缝的发育可能为储层渗透率提升的关键。     

Critical conditions for tight oil charging and delineation of effective oil source rocks in Lucaogou Formation,Jimusar Sag,Junggar Basin,northwest China

Although tight oil has great resource potential, studies of oil charging mechanisms in tight reservoirs are relatively few. Researchers have found that a force balance exists during oil charging, but quantitative analyses of conditions critical for tight oil charging are sparse. This study developed a formula to identify effective source rocks using oil expulsion intensity as the discrimination parameter based on quantitative expression of hydrocarbon-generation overpressure and force-balance conditions. Using this formula, critical oil expulsion intensity under conditions at various burial depths can be obtained. This method was applied in the tight reservoirs of the Jimusar Sag, Junggar Basin, China. The calculated critical oil expulsion intensity range was between 122.61 × 10⁴ t/km² and 620.01 × 10⁴ t/km². The distribution range of effective oil source rocks and total expelled oil can be determined on the basis of critical oil expulsion intensity at different burial depths. This method provides a new approach to predict favourable tight oil-bearing regions.