高岭石对重金属离子的吸附机理及其溶液的pH条件

高岭石对Cu^2+,Pb^2+离子的吸附实验及高岭石的溶解实验表明,高岭石对重金属离子的吸附有别于石英单一表面配位模式,离子交换和表面配位模式并存,并随溶液pH由酸性往碱性的变化发生规律性的演替：pH<6.5时主要表现为外圈层配位的离子交换吸附,且在pH<4时由于受到高岭石表层中铝的高溶出及溶液中较高离子强度的影响,高岭石对Cu^2+,Pb^2+离子的吸附率较低,pH为5～6时由于高岭石端面的荷电性为近中性,吸附率则有明显的提升并且表现为一个吸附平台;pH>6.5时离子交换和表面配位均为重要吸附机制,pH再升高时沉淀机制则起着重要作用。研究表明,pH调控高岭石-水界面溶解与质子化-去质子化反应过程,并影响着Cu^2+,Pb^2+离子的吸附行为。最后采用Sverjensky(1993)表面配位的物理模型对吸附结果作了描述。     

华北板块北缘中段新太古界小塔子沟岩组恢复及其地质意义

华北板块北缘太古代的地体由连续性很差的表壳岩及其他变质深成岩构成,即原建平群的一部分。不连续的表壳岩原岩为一套夹硅铁质的基性火山岩-火山沉积岩建造,为高级变质区的古老绿岩残块。在太古宙晚期遭受了强烈的造山运动改造,发生了变质与变形。本次在1∶25万阜新市幅、鞍山市幅区调修测工作中,通过野外地质调查、岩石地层学研究、造山带地层研究和同位素测年,以及原岩建造和地球化学研究,将研究区内这套中、深层次变质表壳岩,从太古宙原建平群中解体出来,建立小塔子沟岩组,划归为新太古界。     

石灰土盐基离子迁移对模拟酸雨的响应

为揭示酸雨条件下石灰土盐基离子迁移特征及其缓冲性能,对石灰土进行了室内模拟酸雨淋溶试验,探讨酸雨酸度、土层厚度、土表覆被对石灰土酸化/石灰土抗酸性以及盐基离子迁移的影响。结果表明:（1）在pH=3.5、4.5、5.5的酸雨淋溶下,石灰土盐基离子迁移量差异不显著,对酸雨具有极强的缓冲能力。期间,Ca2+与Mg2+释放呈显著线性相关。（2）土壤厚度对石灰土抗酸性有极显著影响,土壤越厚,对酸雨的抗性越大,反之越小。（3）土厚比1∶2.5∶5的石灰土盐基离子淋失状况为K+淋失量1∶1.43∶2.06,Ca2+淋失量为1∶1.63∶3.13,Mg2+淋失量为1∶1.64∶3.15,表明土厚的增加能大大降低酸雨对盐基的淋溶。（4）石灰土土表覆盖不同,其盐基离子迁移淋溶量差异明显,但并不对土壤酸化效应产生显著影响。      

Fractionation of dissolved organic matter affected by polyvalent metal cations

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the influence of polyvalent cations known to form complexes with natural organic substances on the operational fractionation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) using XAD-8 adsorber resin. Dissolved organic matter solutions from a forest floor were treated with increasing concentrations of polyvalent metal cations (Ca²⁺, Al³⁺, Fe³⁺) at different pH levels. Then the concentrations of total dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and the distribution between hydrophilic and hydrophobic DOC were determined. The concentrations of total DOC decreased slightly when the C/metal ratio was less than 10, especially for Al and Fe. Hydrophilic DOC increased and hydrophobic DOC decreased with increasing concentrations of metal cations. Effects increased in the order Ca<Al<Fe and were more pronounced at low DOC concentrations and high pH values. The reason for the reduction of the DOC concentrations seemed to be the formation of insoluble metal–DOM complexes, while soluble metal–DOM complexes may induce an alteration of the distribution between hydrophilic and hydrophobic DOC. Thus, the polyvalent cations and their concentration need to be considered when DOM fraction distributions, determined with XAD-8 resin, of different waters are compared, especially at low DOC contents and high pH.     

Soil Carbon and Nutrient Accumulation under Forest Plantations in Jharkhand State of India

The decrease and degradation of the tropical forests affect not only the production of timber but also the global environment in a large scale. The ability of soil to sustain and its supply of nutrients to a growing forest are controlled by a complex of biogeochemical processes. The purpose of the present study aims to assess the degraded forest fringe areas, to promote plantations of various types and to evaluate their impacts on the soil nutrients and carbon content accumulation. The soil organic carbon (SOC) and nutrient content were evaluated and compared between plantations of mixed native species (MNS), some native tree species as Shorea robusta, Dalbergia sissoo, Dendrocalamus spp., certain agro‐forestry species and some exotic varieties. The impacts of the plantations on the SOC and the nutrients were firstly analyzed through comprehensive chemical analyses and the results were compared with the soil samples collected prior to plantation forestry. Significant changes were observed in SOC content, in nutrients, and in amounts of exchangeable cations. Soil carbon levels were highest under the MNS, Dendrocalamus and Tectona grandis stands and lowest under D. sissoo and Terminalia arjuna. Total N showed highest levels under Dendrocalamus and Pongamia pinnata and significantly higher in stands of native species; lowest total N level was observed in D. sissoo plantations. The C/N ratios of the soil varied between 9.2 and 13.5 among the exchangeable cations. Ca²⁺ recorded the maximum levels and Na⁺ showed the lowest levels.     

Effects of calcium and magnesium on strontium distribution coefficients

 The effects of calcium and magnesium on the distribution of strontium between a surficial sediment and simulated wastewater solutions were measured as part of an investigation to determine strontium transport properties of surficial sediment at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL), Idaho. The investigation was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey and Idaho State University, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy. Batch experimental techniques were used to determine strontium linear sorption isotherms and distribution coefficients (K _d's) using simulated wastewater solutions prepared at pH 8.0±0.1 with variable concentrations of calcium and magnesium. Strontium linear sorption isotherm K _d's ranged from 12±1 to 85±3 ml/g, increasing as the concentration of calcium and magnesium decreased. The concentration of sorbed strontium and the percentage of strontium retained by the sediment were correlated to aqueous concentrations of strontium, calcium, and magnesium. The effect of these cation concentrations on strontium sorption was quantified using multivariate least-squares regression techniques. Analysis of data from these experiments indicates that increased concentrations of calcium and magnesium in wastewater discharged to waste disposal ponds at the INEL increases the availability of strontium for transport beneath the ponds by decreasing strontium sorption to the surficial sediment. Received: 8 November 1996 · Accepted: 6 January 1997     

A new oxygen-deficient perovskite phase Ca(Fe<Subscript>0.4</Subscript>Si<Subscript>0.6</Subscript>)O<Subscript>2.8</Subscript> and phase relations along the join CaSiO<Subscript>3</Subscript>–CaFeO<Subscript>2.5</Subscript> at transition zone conditions

A new oxygen-deficient perovskite with the composition Ca(Fe_0.4Si_0.6)O_2.8 has been synthesised at high-pressure and -temperature conditions relevant to the Earths transition zone using a multianvil apparatus. In contrast to pure CaSiO₃ perovskite, this new phase is quenchable under ambient conditions. The diffraction pattern revealed strong intensities for pseudocubic reflections, but the true lattice is C-centred monoclinic with a=9.2486 Å, b=5.2596 Å, c=21.890 Å and =97.94°. This lattice is only slightly distorted from rhombohedral symmetry. Electron-diffraction and high-resolution TEM images show that a well-ordered ten-layer superstructure is developed along the monoclinic c* direction, which corresponds to the pseudocubic [111] direction. This unique type of superstructure likely consists of an oxygen-deficient double layer with tetrahedrally coordinated silicon, alternating with eight octahedral layers of perovskite structure, which are one half each occupied by silicon and iron as indicated by Mössbauer and Si K electron energy loss spectroscopy. The maximum iron solubility in CaSiO₃ perovskite is determined at 16 GPa to be 4 at% on the silicon site and it increases significantly above 20 GPa. The phase relations have been analysed along the join CaSiO₃–CaFeO_2.5, which revealed that no further defect perovskites are stable. An analogous phase exists in the aluminous system, with Ca(Al_0.4Si_0.6)O_2.8 stoichiometry and diffraction patterns similar to that of Ca(Fe_0.4Si_0.6)O_2.8. In addition, we discovered another defect perovskite with Ca(Al_0.5Si_0.5)O_2.75 stoichiometry and an eight-layer superstructure most likely consisting of a tetrahedral double layer alternating with six octahedral layers. The potential occurrence of all three defect perovskites in the Earths interior is discussed.     

2007-2008年南京江北工业区大气降水化学特征

2007年3月-2008年9月在南京市江北地区南京信息工程大学采集有效降水样品共48个,测量了降水的pH值和电导率,用离子色谱仪分析检测了降水样品的阴、阳离子的质量浓度。结果表明：2007年的酸雨频率为44．5％,2008年酸雨频率为59．3％,南京江北工业区降水的酸性及酸化频率都有所增高;2007-2008年大气降水与2005-2006年所测数据相比较,NO3-的质量浓度略有增长,NH4＋的质量浓度有了较大幅度的增长;研究区域SO4／NO。的实验数据表明,硫污染特征有所减弱,氮氧化物污染逐渐突出,表现出燃煤污染与汽车尾气污染并存的过渡型大气污染特征。     

彩色电气石致色离子的化学状态研究

为探究不同颜色电气石中致色元素的化学状态及其化学环境,利用X射线光电子能谱方法对绿色调（墨绿色、蓝绿色、淡绿色）和粉红色调电气石样品进行分析。结果表明,绿色调和粉红色调电气石样品中均含有少量的过渡金属离子,如Fe,Mn,Ti,Cr,且不含Li和Be。不同颜色的电气石晶体中过渡金属阳离子的化学状态相同,且分别为Fe3＋,Mn4＋,Ti4＋,Cr3＋,但其与阴离子配位的环境有所差别。绿色调电气石样品中虽然Fe的质量分数有较大的差别,但均有部分Fe元素与F结合,即占据晶体结构中的Y位;粉红色电气石样品中,Fe离子没有与F形成配位,仅占据结构中的Z位。相反,在粉红色电气石样品中,Mn主要与F结合配位的方式存在,占据结构中的Y位,而绿色调电气石样品中大部分的Mn与O配位成键,只有少部分的Mn与F结合配位。由于Fe3＋,Mn4＋离子对之间电荷转移的可能性不大,故电气石的颜色可能主要由于d—d电子跃迁和氧与金属离子（O2--M）间电荷转移吸收引起,尤其是由于化学环境的差异（包括配位阴离子种类、杂质缺陷、结构畸变等）所引起。     

长江口主要阳离子随盐度变化的研究

以追踪混合水团的方式采样,并测定了长江河口混合区表层和底层中主要阳离子Mg2+、Ca2+、Na+和K+的浓度,讨论了长江口水体的pH分布特征和主要阳离子的混合特征.结果表明,长江口水体的pH状况受人为污染影响较小,河口混合区主要阳离子的浓度随着水体盐度的增大而增大,Ca/Mg比值随水体盐度的增大而迅速减小,且主要阳离子浓度相对于盐度的变化在表层和底层水体间没有显著的差别.在长江河口混合区主要阳离子的浓度及其比值随盐度的变化可用线性混合模型进行较好地预测和模拟.