山地温冰川中的气候环境记录研究

以北欧Ａｕｓｔｒｅ Ｏｋｓｔｉｎｂｒｅｅｎ冰川为例,概括介绍了海洋型气候区温冰川内气候环境信息的主要特征。山地温冰川积雪中的环境记录,如氧同位素,阴阳离子含量的变化虽然受到了冰雪中的融水渗透的干扰,但仍可作为短期局部气候环境变化的理想指示器。通过与实测的气象气候资料对比,积雪中化学分析结果表明了若干重要特征：积累区雪层剖面中的氧同位素变化,较好地反映了本地区的气候变化特别是降水时的温度递变细节以及     

Groundwater cation concentrations in the riparian zone of a forested headwater stream

Groundwater cation concentrations in relation to hydrologic flow paths were studied in the riparian forest zone of a small headwater catchment near Toronto, Ontario. Groundwater entering the riparian zone from uplands showed significant differences in cation concentrations between slope-foot and near-stream locations. Mean Ca, Mg, K, and Na concentrations in shallow groundwater at the upland perimeter of the riparian forest were 65-0, 11-2, 0-7, and 1-8 mg L^?1 respectively. Mean Ca, Mg, K, and Na concentrations in deep groundwater flowing upwards through glacial sands beneath the riparian zone were 52-1, 15-1, 1-3, and 2-6 mg L^?1 respectively. Shallow groundwater emerged as slope-foot springs producing surface rivulets which crossed the riparian zone to the streams. Deep groundwater flowed upward through organic soils into the rivulets and also discharged directly to the streams as bed and bank seepage. Springs had higher Ca concentrations and lower Mg, K, and Na values than rivulets entering the streams. Conversely, Mg, K, and Na concentrations were higher and Ca concentrations were lower in bank seeps in comparison to rivulets. These results suggest that differences in cation concentrations in groundwater entering the streams result from initial contrast in the chemistry of shallow and deep groundwater rather than from the effects of riparian soils and vegetation.     

模拟酸雨对阳离子在土体内迁移的影响

利用室内模拟酸雨的土柱实验,研究了在红壤表土施用钾肥后酸雨对不同土层交换性阳离子迁移的影响.结果表明,在不同土体深度,表土直接受酸沉降的淋溶,也是最容易发生酸化的土层, pH 2.5酸雨淋溶后,表土 pH值下降到 3.5～ 4.2,这是铝的缓冲范围,且土壤交换性 H 和 Al3 含量的增加显示出土壤对酸沉降的缓冲效率和缓冲能力的急剧减弱; pH 4.5酸雨淋溶后, A和 B层土壤 pH值上升了 0.3～ 0.5,其机理与的专性吸附释放 OH-有关;表土施用钾肥后, K 交换土壤表面的 H 和 Al3 ,引起土壤交换性 H 和 Al3 向下迁移;不同 pH值的酸性降雨引起土壤中交换性阳离子向下迁移和淋失的程度也有明显的差异, pH 2.5酸雨淋溶后土壤溶液中钾的含量高于 pH 4.5酸雨淋溶的,但交换性钾含量低于后者; pH 2.5和 pH 4.5酸雨淋溶后交换性钙的淋失量分别占原土的 50%～ 70%和 20%～ 40%,这表明酸雨淋洗会导致养分库的损耗,造成土壤养分贫瘠.     

CTAB-Al复合改性蒙脱石的合成及表征

采用不同CEC浓度的CTAB(十六烷基三甲基溴化铵)预先改性蒙脱石,然后再加入羟基铝离子柱撑液合成CTAB-Al-Mt复合物并利用X射线衍射分析?热重?化学分析及红外光谱分析,研究合成产物的层间结构特性,结果显示:CTAB在粘土中的加载量明显决定着CTAB-Al-Mt的层间距,铝含量。此外,在羟基铝阳离子进入粘土层间的过程中,部分层间的CTAB被置换了出来,从而引起Si(Al)—O,Si—O—Al和(M—O)Td伸缩振动波数的漂移。随着吸附水含量的减少,H—O—H弯曲振动(2ν)向高波数飘移,而O—H伸缩振动(ν1和ν3)向低波数漂移,这是由于H2O分子中的氢键较少所致。     

袁复礼石的矿物学新资料及晶体结构

袁复礼石是一种Ｍｇ、Ｆｅ３＋、Ａｌ３＋和Ｔｉ的硼酸盐新矿物。除了与遂安石、硬石膏和磷灰石共生外，还与硼铝镁石、镁橄榄石和方解石等共生，形成两个矿物共生组合。单矿物化学分析表明，后一组合中的袁复礼石更富铁，特别是Ｆｅ３＋，相对贫镁。袁复礼石的晶体结构分析证明，袁复礼石与硼钛镁石的结构类型一致，阳离子的占位为Ｍ（１）＝Ｍｅ３＋，Ｍ（２）＝Ｍｅ２＋。袁复礼石是Ｍ（１）位置上为Ｆｅ端员组分，Ｍ（２）位置上为Ｍｇ端员组分的新矿物。     

膨润土作为药用赋形剂对Pb+2,Cd+2,Cr+6离子的吸附研究

本文选用吉林省九台、小梨河、净月产地的膨润土为原料,测试了不同粒级的膨润土对Pb 2、Cd 2、Cr 6离子的吸附时间、吸附温度、吸附量,同时,又在模拟人胃条件下进行了试验,结果证实膨润土可以作为药用赋形剂。     

Determination of Platinum‐Group Elements and Re‐Os Isotopes using ID‐ICP‐MS and N‐TIMS from a Single Digestion after Two‐Stage Column Separation

We report an improved procedure for the determination of the platinum‐group elements (PGE) and Re, and Os isotopes from a single sample aliquot by isotope dilution (ID) using inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) and negative thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (N‐TIMS), respectively. A two‐stage column method was used to purify PGE‐Re from their sample matrix and interfering elements (e.g., Mo, Zr and Hf) after Os had been separated by CCl₄ solvent extraction. The first column separation step used cation exchange resin (AG50W‐X8) to concentrate PGE‐Re and some potential interfering elements (e.g., Mo, Zr and Hf). In the second step, N‐benzoyl‐N‐phenylhydroxylamine (BPHA) extraction resin was used to separate PGE‐Re from the remaining interfering elements, which all remained strongly absorbed to the resin. The method was used to determine the PGE and rhenium, and Os isotope ratios in a range of geochemical reference materials (TDB‐1, WGB‐1, BHVO‐2 and UB‐N). The obtained results agree well with those previously published. This new method enables PGE‐Re abundances and Os isotopic ratios to be determined on the same sample digestion, and circumvents the problems created by sample heterogeneity when comparing PGE and Re‐Os isotope data.     

Chemical composition of wet deposition in a Mediterranean site Athens,Greece related to the origin of air masses

The goal of this study is to determine the chemical composition of rain, in the wider region of Athens, Greece for the time period 1st September 2001 to 31st August 2002. Two model automatic rain samplers were installed in the Meteorological Station of Laboratory of Climatology (latitude: 37° 58′ N, longitude: 23° 47′ E) inside the Athens University Campus and in a site at Heraklio Attica, a northern suburb of Athens (latitude: 38° 03′ N, longitude: 23° 45′ E). The concentrations (μeq l⁻¹) of the major cations (H⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺) and anions (Cl⁻, , και ), as well as pH and conductivity of rain in 39 total samples were determined. The figures of pH range from 6.4 to 8.4 and conductivity from 8 to 207 μS cm⁻¹. The analysis showed that Ca²⁺ ions are abundant within all examined samples, while and present the highest concentrations from the anions. In order to find out the origin of the air masses, the air mass back trajectories were calculated. Five sectors of the origin of air masses were revealed: the North, the South, the Local, the West and the East sector. Multivariate methods included Factor Analysis and Discriminant Analysis were applied to the examined ion concentrations and three main factors were extracted, which discriminated the ions according to their origin. The first group of ions is interpreted as the result of the anthropogenic activity, the second group represents the acidity–alkalinity independently of their source and the third one the marine influence.     

Adsorption of H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O,NH<Subscript>3</Subscript> and C<Subscript>6</Subscript>H<Subscript>6</Subscript> on alkali metal cations in internal surface of mordenite and in external surface of smectite: a DFT study

Adsorption of H₂O, NH₃ and C₆H₆ on H- and alkali metal-exchanged structures of mordenite and on corresponding cations on the smectite layer is investigated by ab initio density-functional calculations. Proton or an alkali metal cation compensates one Al/Si framework substitution and resides in the extra-framework position of zeolite or above flat smectite layer close to the Al/Si substitution. Pronounced similarities between zeolite and smectite are observed in changes of the adsorption energies and location of the external cation with changing character of the external cation. Calculated adsorption energies exhibit the following trend: E(NH₃) > E(H₂O) > E(C₆H₆). Because of looser contact with the framework, zeolitic cations are stronger adsorption centers and calculated adsorption energies of zeolites are by ~20–30% larger than cations of smectites. The highest adsorption energy is calculated for H-exchanged structures and down the group of alkali metal cations a decrease of the adsorption energy is observed. Deviations from the smooth variation of the adsorption energy are caused by: (1) formation of strong hydrogen bonds in H-exchanged structures, (2) adsorption induced migration of the external Li⁺ cation, and (3) steric hindrances of the flat C₆H₆ molecule adsorbed on the cation in the cage of zeolite.     

阳离子浓度对泥沙沉速影响实验研究

应用了静态沉降实验方法中的移液管法,初步研究了水中常见阳离子对河流中细颗粒泥沙沉速的影响,这些阳离子包括Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+和Al3+等。实验结果表明,阳离子浓度对泥沙沉速的影响可以分为两个阶段:①随着阳离子浓度的增加泥沙沉速也增大;②当离子浓度大于某值时,离子浓度对泥沙沉速的影响不大。在同样离子浓度条件下,离子价态高者影响较大。同时分析了长江和黄河干流中下游河段的水化学特性;分析结果表明,在一般的河水水质的情况下,有必要考虑水中阳离子(主要是Ca2+、Mg2+)对细颗粒泥沙沉速的影响。