一种新型羧甲基甲壳素/聚丙烯腈复合纳滤膜的研究

羧甲基甲壳素(CM-CH)溶液浇铸在聚丙烯腈超滤膜上,并与环氧氯丙烷(ECH)交联制得1种新型的复合纳滤膜,研究了复合膜的制备影响因素及操作条件对膜的性能的影响,结果表明:当羧甲基甲壳素的浓度为2.0%,环氧氯丙烷的浓度为2.5%,60℃下交联24.0h,然后50℃下热处理10min条件下制备的复合纳滤膜的截盐效果最好。表征结果表明:对聚乙二醇的截留分子量为550Da,孔径在(6.6~7.8)×10-10m之间,离子交换容量为2.94mmol·cm-2,静电位为-0.20mV。对1000mg·L-1的K2SO4,Na2SO4,MgSO4,KCl,NaCl,MgCl2和CaCl2溶液的截盐率分别为93.33%,91.00%,42.61%,36.10%,44.00%,9.26%和14.21%。研究表明,复合膜对不同盐的截留行为主要决定于荷电膜与电解质离子之间静电斥力的大小。另外还发现该膜具有较好的耐藻类吸附性。     

The mineralization of chitin in the sediments of the Ythan estuary, aberdeenshire, Scotland

Reliable methods have been developed for the quantitative estimation of chitin, chitosan and chitin deacetylase in sediment samples, as well as two methods for the estimation of chitinase in these samples. The differing substrates used in the latter two methods have produced distinct ‘depth profiles’ for chitinase activity which suggest the presence of more than one chitinolytic system in the sediments of the Ythan estuary. Studies on the mineralization of chitin in these sediments have revealed a complex system with a number of unexpected features. The rate of chitin degradation was reduced in late summer, possibly due to the heavy seaweed growth which covers the mud flats at this time, although the potential degradative activities of the enzymes chitinase and chitin deacetylase were higher in summer than in winter. The proportional rates of degradation of chitin, chitosan and cellulose were similar in both the absence and presence of seaweed overgrowth, although the apparent rates of degradation of these substrates were higher in the absence of seaweeds. Core samples have indicated that the major input of chitin to the sediment ecosystem occurs via deposition at the surface, while the input of chitosan (the deacetylated polymer) occurs via its production within the sediment, primarily within the upper 5 cm of sediment. The concentrations of both these polymers decreased sharply below an ‘interface’ between aerobic and anoxic sediments.     

生物炭负载纳米零价铁对地下水中六价铬的修复效果和影响因素研究

纳米零价铁（nZVI）存在易团聚、钝化和迁移性差等问题,影响对六价铬[Cr(VI)]污染地下水的原位修复效果。为了开发一种低成本、绿色的nZVI改性材料,以球磨生物炭（BC）为载体负载nZVI,构建了nZVI@BC反应体系,再利用羧甲基纤维素（CMC）稳定nZVI@BC,合成了一种新型高效、抗钝化纳米级别的修复材料CMC-nZVI@BC。对改性前后的nZVI进行表征分析,探究了材料添加量、Cr(VI)初始质量浓度、初始pH值、温度及地下水化学组分对CMC-nZVI@BC去除Cr(VI)的影响,并阐明去除Cr(VI)的机理。得出如下结论：（1）铁碳质量比为2∶1时的nZVI@BC对Cr(VI)的去除效果最好, 3 h内0.6 g/L CMC-nZVI@BC对50 mg/L Cr(VI)的去除率达99.9%,表现出较高的去除Cr(VI)的速率和能力;（2）去除Cr(VI)的主要机制是通过还原和沉淀反应;（3）在pH值2～10范围内,pH值对去除Cr(VI)有显著影响,温度影响较小;（4）${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-}$的存在促进了Cr(VI)的去除,而${\mathrm{HCO}}_3^{-} $、${\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-} $、Ca2+、Mg2+和腐殖酸对Cr(VI)的去除均有不同程度的抑制作用。这些结果表明,CMC-nZVI@BC可以作为有效去除Cr(VI)的原位修复药剂,为nZVI在地下水原位修复的应用提供了依据。     

酶法制备几丁寡糖和壳糖研究现状与进展

对用酶法制备几丁寡糖和壳寡糖研究现状与进展进行了综述。几丁质酶、壳聚糖酶、溶菌酶和 N-乙酰葡萄糖胺酶等专一性的水解酶及糖酶、蛋白酶、脂肪酶等水解酶对几丁质和壳聚糖都具有部分或完全非专一性水解作用。介绍了这些酶类的作用机理及相关微生物的种类和作用条件     

甲壳胺-明胶共混体系的研究

选择变性蛋白质明胶与甲壳胺共混。研究了共混体系的相容性、力学性能及热稳定性等性能。从对以上诸性能的测试结果表明 ,CGB (共混体系 )中甲壳胺与明胶之间生成了酰胺键 ,形成了相容性很好的共混体系。     

壳聚糖的化学改性及其产物的红外解析研究

甲壳素是一种天然高分子多糖，具有与纤维素相近的骨架结构，其资源丰富，用途广泛(方波，1998)。但由于分子内和分子间存在很强的氢键作用力，因而不能熔融，也不溶于普通溶剂(如水、乙醇等)(董炎明等，2002)，实际应用中较多的是其部分或全部脱乙酰化产物——壳聚糖。壳聚糖虽然可以溶于酸性水溶液，但不能直接溶于水中，且在酸性水溶液中不稳定，也不溶于一般的有机溶剂，这在很大程度上限制了它的应用(董炎明等，2002)。所以，水溶性壳聚糖衍生物的研制正成为一个新的研究方向。壳聚糖分子中C2位上的-NH2，C3、C6位上的-OH，均具有较强的反应活性，在适当条件下可进行多种化学修饰，如酰基化、羧烷基化、硫酸酯化、烷基化、羟烷基化及氰烷基化等。引入上述功能性基团，可增加壳聚糖的溶解性和功能性，拓宽了壳聚糖的应用范围。这些衍生物的制备研究已成为壳聚糖应用开发的主要方向之一。     

Fenton 试剂降解壳聚糖废液的初步研究

通过单因素分析实验 ,研究了 Fenton试剂降解壳聚糖制备废液过程中各影响因子的作用机制 ,初步得出了其最佳作用范围。通过正交匹配实验 ,确定了最佳操作条件为 :初始 p H=2 .5,终了p H=1 0 ,1 0 g Fe/ L的 Fe2 溶液 1 5m L,30 % H2 O2 2 m L,t(搅拌 ) =80 min,t(静置 ) =8h,T=348K,经验证 COD去除率达到 58.91 %。在常温下 ,利用紫外扫描法简单分析了 Fenton试剂对醋酸钠难降解有机物的降解效率 ,达到了 1 6.39%。     

Properties and Anti-Ultraviolet Activity of Gallic Acid-Chitosan-Gelatin Mixed Gel

Hydrogel has high water content and structural similarity with natural extracellular matrix.So it has been widely studied and applied in the field of biomedicine.In order to further develop multifunctional hydrogels,we prepared mixed gels with antiultraviolet properties.This study found that the addition of polysaccharides and polyphenols was beneficial to the rheological,me-chanical properties,and biological activity of the protein.Chitosan(CS)could significantly improve the viscoelasticity,hardness,gel strength,thermal stability and crystallinity of gelatin.Interestingly,the addition of gallic acid(GA)could not only provide significant cross-linking effect,improve gel properties and microstructure,but also improve the UV resistance of the mixed gel.     

羧甲基壳聚糖水凝胶制备及在药物控释中的应用

研究羧甲基壳聚糖水凝胶(CMCS-GA)对阿司匹林的吸附性能及其在药物控释系统中的应用。以羧甲基壳聚糖作为骨架材料,采用戊二醛交联法制备CMCS-GA,进而制备阿司匹林载药凝胶。测定凝胶在人工肠液中的溶胀动力学特点,观察载药凝胶在人工肠液中的体外释放行为。在pH=7.4的人工肠液中CMCS-GA 2 h达最大溶胀度1.38。CMCS-GA的载药量为4.6 mg/g,凝胶在人工肠液中96 h的累积释放度为99.91%,具有优良的缓释性能,药物的体外释放模型符合一级动力学方程。     

Preparation and in vitro Release Performance of Sustained-release Captopril/Chitosan-gelatin Net-polymer Microspheres

The captopril/Chitosan-gelatin net-polymer microspheres(CTP/CGNPMs) were prepared using Chitosan(CTS) and gelatin(GT) by the methods of emulsification,cross-linked reagent alone or in combination and microcrystalline cellulose(MCC) added in the process of preparation of microspheres,which aimed to eliminate dose dumping and burst phenomenon of microspheres for the improvement of the therapeutic efficiency and the decrease of the side effects of captopril(CTP). The results indicated that CTP/CGNPMs had a spherical shape,smooth surface and integral structure inside but no adhesive phenomena in the preparation. The size distribution ranged from 220 μm to 280 μm. The CTP release test in vitro demonstrated that CTP/CGNPMs played the role of retarding the release of CTP compared with ordinary CTP tablets. The release behaviors of CGNPMS were influenced by preparation conditions such as experimental material ratio(EMR) and composition of cross linking reagents. Among these factors,the EMR(1/4),CLR(FA SPP) and 0.75% microcrystalline cellulose(MCC) added to the microspheres constituted the optimal scheme for the preparation of CTP/CGNPMs. The ER,DL and SR of CTP/CGNPMs prepared according to the optimal scheme were 46.23±4.51%,9.95±0.77% and 261±42%,respectively. The CTP/CGNPMs had the good characteristics of sustained release of drug and the process of emulsification and cross-linking were simple and stable. The CGNPMs are likely to be an ideal sustained release formulation for water-soluble drugs.