Seasonal and spatial characteristics of seawater and sediment at Youngil Bay, southeast coast of Korea

The seasonal geochemical characteristics of the seawater and sediments and the major factors causing heavy metal contamination were investigated at the Youngil bay and the Hyungsan river estuary in the Southeast Coast of Korea, where a world-scale steel-industry complex (Pohang iron and steel industrial complex, POSCO) is located. The seasonal and spatial distribution characteristics of temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, and nutrients of the seawater were studied at 45 fixed stations, especially focusing on the river mouth area. Sediments at 27 stations were examined during winter and summer to determine the major controlling factors for the distribution of metals, using correlation matrix and R-mode factor analyses, and to evaluate the pollution status, using the modified geoaccumulation (I(geo)(')) index. Temperatures for the effluent from the POSCO located at the Hyungsan river mouth were 2-3 degrees C higher compared to other sampling areas, due to the thermal discharge from the POSCO. The DO concentration of the surface water at the Pohang old port was as low as 2-4 mg/L. In spring, the DO value at the Hyungsan river mouth was higher than 12 mg/L, by the mass multiplication of phytoplanktons at the river mouth where seawater temperature and nutrients concentrations were relatively high, resulting in the pH value of higher than 8.3. The nitrogen to phosphorus (N/P) ratios at the river mouth were 20-150 times higher compared to other areas, implying that the nitrogen loading into this semi-enclosed bay is significantly higher than phosphorus and the major nitrogen sources are not only the domestic sewage from the city but the industrial wastewater from the POSCO and other steel factories nearby. The phosphorus concentrations at the Pohang old port were shown 3-10 times higher than those at other stations, due to the inflow of pollutants generated from the nearby ships anchoring and the release of phosphate from the bottom sediment. Results from the sediment analysis showed that the major controlling factors for the distribution pattern of each metal are grain size and organic carbon (C(org)) content. Based on the factor analysis, Al, Fe, Cr, Li, and Pb were shown strongly correlated with the mean grain size (Mz), whereas Cd, Cu, Zn, and Sn with the C(org) content. Results from the fractionation of the sedimentary metals into lattice and labile fractions to characterize the mobility of sediment metals showed that the mineral lattice fraction was high in the order of Al=K>Cr>Li>Sr>Fe, while the labile fraction, which might be released to the overlying water, was in the order of Pb>Zn>Cd>Cu>Ca>Sn. Evaluation of the sediment pollution status by applying (I(geo)(')) of 13 metals showed Cd, Cu, and Zn as high as 1-3 range at the old port. Even though the overall marine pollution mainly by the world-class steel industrial complex in this semi-enclosed bay area studied does not currently pose a serious threat, due to the seawater circulation and the large influx of river discharge, the countermeasures to implement the sediments concentrated with heavy metals, especially at the old port with no seawater circulation, are still warranted for this coastal water environment.     

坯样中SiO2与Al2O3对电瓷制品机械强度的影响

机械强度是电瓷制品的主要性能之一,与坯料中Ａｌ２Ｏ３与ＳｉＯ２质量分数有密切关系,本次试验结果表明,随着坯料中Ａｌ２Ｏ３质量分散的增加,ＳｉＯ２质量分数的减少,电瓷制品的抗折强度,抗冲击强度也相应提高,本文对其产生机理进行了较详细的讨论。f     

杭州西湖底泥磷分级分布

采用磷分级分离法对在杭州西湖采集的柱状泥样进行了磷分级提取,结果发现：HCl-rP即钙矿磷占据了西湖底泥总磷含量的30％－70％,其余依次为NaOH-rP(16%-40%)和NH4Cl-rP(0.6%-10%);活性磷由NoOH-rP和NH4Cl-rP构成,占总沉积磷的20％－40％,各磷分级组分和活性磷的垂直分布与总磷基本一致,含量随泥层深度的降低逐级增加,在10－30cm处形成峰值,但表层的蓄积量又出现逐层下降的趋势。     

基于加密探空资料的上海不同云天下AIRS/Aqua相对湿度廓线反演精度研究

目前云对卫星相对湿度廓线反演精度的影响研究大多是针对云量,对其他云属性的影响研究尚少,云高也是影响卫星相对湿度廓线反演精度的重要因素。利用上海宝山站L波段(1型)加密探空资料,分析了上海地区7—9月不同质量控制标识、云量和云顶高度条件下大气红外探测器AIRS/Aqua (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder)相对湿度廓线的反演精度,以期为今后开展AIRS等卫星资料的同化研究提供科学依据。结果表明：（1）AIRS相对湿度廓线反演误差随着云量的增加而逐渐增大,并且随着气压值的升高,少云与多云时的均方根误差(Root Mean Squared Error, RMSE)之差有逐渐增大的趋势;（2）云顶高度越高,AIRS相对湿度廓线反演精度越差,云顶以上湿度廓线反演精度更高,而云顶以下高度的反演误差较大;（3）高云且多云时,AIRS相对湿度廓线的反演精度最差,850 hPa处,AIRS相对湿度反演数据与探空资料绝对误差的下限达到了-63.51%;(4)虽然质量控制标识为0时,AIRS湿度廓线在对流层范围内的反演精度仍达不到无线电探空的水平,但是相对于质量控制标识1时,反演精度...     

结合气象模式与GloBEIS模式研究气象条件对BVOCs排放的影响

BVOCs对全球碳收支、对流层化学反应及臭氧的形成和气候变化都有很大的影响.选取森林覆盖率高且BVOCs排放尚未有研究报道的中国东北地区作为研究区域,利用美国NCAR中心提供的1°×1°的6 h NCEP再分析资料,运行MM5模式,得到模拟结果,从中提取GloBEIS模型所需要的近地面层的温度、湿度、风速和云量的格点气象数据,实现了将MM5模式与GloBEIS相结合对BVOCs进行研究.研究中需要的植被种类及分布数据来自于最新的"植被信息系统"数据库,选取温度较高,太阳辐射较强,植被生长茂盛的2006年7月和2010年7月作为模拟时段,运行GloBEIS模型,对研究区域内的BVOCs的排放情况进行了估算.模拟结果与温度和云量等气象要素的分析结果表明,异戊二烯的排放速率受温度和PAR(光合有效辐射通量)的共同影响,日变化趋势显著,随着温度升高,PAR增强,异戊二烯的排放速率增大,在午后14:00左右达到最大值,之后降低.由于云量与PAR成反比,因此云量越少,异戊二烯的排放量就越高,反之,则越低;与异戊二烯不同,温度是单萜烯和其他VOC的排放的主导因素,受PAR和云量的影响较小,温度越高,排放量越大,反之,则越小.     

云的移动轨迹成像模拟及云量变化分析

以全天空数字成像仪的等角投影成像原理为基础，将云型简化为正方体及圆柱体云体。模拟了相同云体在不同空间位置的移动轨迹情况，对其所占面积变化（云量）进行了计算，并对云在移动过程中云体侧面成像情况做了分析研究。结果表明，云量随空间位置变化情况与云的宽高比相关，当宽高比大于某一值时云量随天项角（云所处位置）的增大先增大而后减小，反之则随着天顶角的增大而减小。     

鱼眼影像技术反演植被冠层结构参数的研究进展

快速、可靠、精确的评估植被冠层结构参数在大气一植被相互作用的研究中起着举足轻重的作用。从冠层结构参数的反演原理、冠层间隙度的提取、冠层结构的反演模型和丛生指数3个方面论述了冠层结构参数即叶面积指数（LAI,leaf area index）和叶倾角分布（LAD,leaf angle distribution）的反演方法,并从鱼眼像片的采集、分析和模型的假设等方面分析影响冠层结构参数反演精度的原因,指出未来鱼眼影像技术虽然是LAI和LAD间接测量的理想手段,但是受观测环境、相机光学特性和冠层本身的影响,反演结果需要通过验证来消除不确定因素。     

陡峭山区影像的半经验地形校正

本文提出一种新的半经验地形校正模型SCEDIL(Simple topographic Correction using Estimation of Diffuse Light),该模型通过结合DEM与光学影像数据寻找局部区域内完全光照和阴影的水平像元,并以光照、阴影水平像元的平均反射率值估算局部区域散射辐射比,提高了陡峭山区影像的地形校正精度。以高分一号卫星和Landsat ETM+影像为例,从目视判读和定量分析两个方面,比较分析该算法与传统半经验地形校正算法(C、SCS+C)的校正结果。结果表明:(1)对较为平坦的地形,SCEDIL和C、SCS+C校正都有较好的目视结果;对地面起伏较大的陡峭地形,C、SCS+C校正后,原阴影区域易呈现破碎化特征,SCEDIL校正后,原阴影区域过渡较为平滑。(2)SCEDIL校正后,各波段反射率的均值和标准差优于C、SCS+C校正,SCEDIL校正后,影像总分类精度与同类地物光谱信息均一性均优于C和SCS+C校正。SCEDIL半经验地形校正方法能有效地去除影像中的地形干扰,尤其对陡峭地形的校正效果,优于常规地形校正模型。     

Improving the treatment of the vertical snow burial fraction over short vegetation in the NCAR CLM3

One deficiency of the NCAR Community Land Model (CLM3) is the disappearance of the simulated snow even in the middle of winter over a boreal grassland site due to unrealistically modeled high downward turbulent fluxes. This is caused by the inappropriate treatment of the vertical snow burial fraction for short vegetation. A new snow burial fraction formulation for short vegetation is then proposed and validated using in situ observations. This modification in the CLM3 largely removes the unrealistic surface turbulent fluxes, leading to a more reasonable snowmelt process, and improves the snow water equivalent (SWE) simulation. Moreover, global offline simulations show that the proposed formulation decreases sensible and latent heat fluxes as well as the ground temperature during the snowmelt season over short vegetation dominant regions. Correspondingly, the SWE is enhanced, leading to the increase in snowmelt-induced runoff during the same period. Furthermore, sensitivity tests indicate that these improvements are insensitive to the exact functional form or parameter values in the proposed formulation.     

硫酸盐气溶胶对全球水循环因子的影响

  利用卫星资料进一步检验了CAM3.0模式对云的模拟能力,该模式可以较好地再现全球云的分布和季节变化的主要特征。在硫循环过程与辐射和动力过程之间双向耦合的情况下,探讨了硫酸盐气溶胶直接气候效应对水循环过程的影响。模式较好地模拟了硫酸盐气溶胶的浓度和分布变化。硫酸盐气溶胶对水循环因子的影响在不同季节和区域是不同的,其中,北半球夏季的影响最大,这是因为北半球夏季硫酸盐浓度最高。纬向平均的云量、降水和水汽的变化形势大部分相似,存在比较密切的联系。