Growth rates and ecology of coralline rhodoliths from the Ras Ghamila back reef lagoon,Red Sea

Rhodoliths are important marine carbonate producers that provide habitat for several marine organisms, and are threatened by ongoing global climate change. Meter‐sized sedimentary patches rich in living rhodoliths, interspersed among corals, were discovered in the back reef of Ras Ghamila lagoon, Southern Sinai, at less than 1 m water depth. In this shallow and relatively sheltered subtropical environment, rhodoliths were found to be monospecific or oligospecific, spheroidal, 3.5 to 9.4 cm in maximum diameter, with warty/lumpy or fruticose (protuberance degree IV) growth forms, and corresponded to the unattached branches or praline type. They grew in bright light under seasonal, moderate, wind‐driven water motion. The dominant rhodolith‐forming species recorded were: Lithophyllum kotschyanum, Porolithon onkodes, Hydrolithon sp. and three species of Neogoniolithon: Neogoniolithon fosliei, Neogoniolithon brassica‐florida, and an undescribed species noted in the text as Neogoniolithon sp. A total of 38 Alizarin‐stained rhodoliths was released in the field and collected after 1 year. They showed different banding patterns (alternating long and short cells) that revealed seasonal growth, with the lowest rates occurring in winter for all species, and an additional summer growth slackening in Neogoniolithon fosliei. Lithophyllum kotschyanum presented evidence of occasional growth cessation, possibly due to temporary burial. The observed annual growth rate of rhodoliths was unrelated to their size. The mean accretion rates were 1.08 mm · year^?1 in L. kotschyanum, 0.75 mm · year^?1 in P. onkodes, 0.49 mm · year^?1 in Hydrolithon sp., 0.85 mm mm · year^?1 in N. fosliei, 0.63 mm · year^?1 in N. brassica‐florida and 0.57 mm · year^?1 in Neogoniolithon sp. The annual mean marginal elongation rate for these taxa was respectively 8.74, 13.92, 3.59, 9.40 and 9.25 mm · year^?1, with the exception of Neogoniolithon sp., for which this parameter was not recorded. Maximum marginal elongation occurred in P. onkodes pointing out its greater ability as a space competitor in comparison with the other rhodolith species. The highest accretion rate and common presence of L. kotschyanum indicate its importance as carbonate producer in tropical reef.     

太平洋中部多金属结核生物地层学研究

本文利用钙质超微化生物地质学研究方法，分析鉴定了多金属结核中的钙质超微化石，建立了多金属结核生长层柱状剖面图，确定了多金属结核形成的三个生长阶段及其年代，为揭示多金属结核的成矿规律和分布规律提供了必要的地质资料。     

南海南部第四纪表层海水古生产力变化的钙质超微化石证据

深海沉积中的钙质超微化石是古海洋表层生产力的替代性标志之一。通过对南海南部ODP1143站第四纪沉积中超微化石分析，从绝对丰度和堆积速率、Florisphaera profunda百分含量及碳同位素三个方面探讨了该区第四纪表层海水古生产力的变化特征。结果显示，1．56Ma以来南海南部表层海水古生产力呈现两种不同时间尺度的变化。一是随冰期－间冰期旋回而变化，间冰期时，表层海水生产力高，而冰期时则降低；另一种则是大约40万年的长周期变化，自1．56Ma以来，可以分成四个大的旋回，每个旋回内表层海水古生产力又经历了从低到高再到低的变化。     

冲绳海槽D－086孔颗石藻化石及其古海洋学意义的初步探讨

本文通过对冲绳海槽Ｄ－０８６孔颗石藻化石的研究，自下而上划分出三个颗石藻化石组合：Ｇｅｐｈｙｒｏｃａｐｓａａｐｅｒｔａ－Ｇ．ｏｃｅａｎｉｃａ组合，Ｇｅｐｈｙｒｏ－ｃａｐｓａｅｒｉｃｓｏｎｉｉ－Ｃｏｃｃｏｌｉｔｈｕｓｃｒａｓｓｉｐｏｎｓ组合，Ｅｍｉｌｉａｎｉａｈｕｘｌｅｙｉ－Ｇｅｐｈｙｒｏｃａｐｓａｏ－ｃｅａｎｉｃａ组合；划分出Ｅ．ｈｕｘｌｅｙｉ带和Ｅ．ｈｕｘｌｅｙｉ高峰带的界线；每一个颗石藻化石组合代表一个气候期，它们分别与标准气候期的玉木亚间冰期，晚玉木冰期和冰后期相当。     

马尔库斯海脊富钴结壳的钙质超微化石生物地层学研究

分布于大洋盆地高地形区的富钴结壳是一种经历了上千万年生长历程的、含多种有价值金属的特殊“沉积物”.与一般沉积物一样,富钴结壳也保存了海洋环境变迁更替的信息.正确解读结壳的生长历史,不仅对认识这种有用金属矿产的成因和成矿机制有重要意义,而且对研究第三纪以来的大洋古环境乃至这一时段的全球环境变化也有不容忽视的价值.     

中太平洋北部海盆沉积物中钙质超微化石溶解相与地层年代

本文通过对中太平洋北部海盆表层和柱状沉积物中钙质超微化石的分析鉴定,讨论了该调查区处在溶跃面以下表层沉积物中钙质超微化石的种数与水深变化的关系,推测出本调查区中Ⅰ区的碳酸盐补偿深度约5300米。根据地层中出现的标准化石,对柱状岩芯M_(14)进行了地层年代划分。最上部地层年代约为27万年前,向下1米处年代约为44万年前,3.66米处年代约为122万年前。     

Micropalaeontological record of Holocene estuarine and marine stages in the Corgo do Porto rivulet (Mira River, SW Portugal)

The Corgo do Porto is a small tributary of the Mira River, outleting 3.5 km upstream of its mouth. The valley is flat-floored due to terrigenous siltation and forms an alluvial plain reclaimed for agriculture/aquaculture. These conditions were quite distinct in the recent past because of extensive marine flooding of this area during the high-rate positive eustatism that followed the Last Glacial Maximum. The Holocene sedimentary column registers changes imposed by several forcing factors, mainly the climate-driven sea-level rise. As part of a multidisciplinary study, the sedimentological and micropalaeontological (benthic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils) contents of a core taken from this infill were analyzed, and five different stages were distinguished within its environmental evolution: Stage A (prior to 10,000 cal yrs BP) consists of muddy, matrix-supported sand with abundant pebbles, barren of microfossils, and free of carbonates and organic matter that represents a fluvial environment contemporaneous of a low sea level. Between 10,000 and circa 4000 cal yrs BP the sediment is made of homogeneous mud, with bioclasts and organic matter. However, the assemblages of foraminifera and calcareous nannoplankton allowed the identification of several environmental stages, defining a cycle of increasing–decreasing marine influence inside the valley: brackish and brackish-marine sedimentation (Stage B), full-marine sedimentation (Stage C) and a return to brackish-marine sedimentation (Stage D). The final part of the core is barren of microfossils (Stage E) and it represents the modern sedimentation in the area with an accreting alluvial plain. This Holocene sedimentary sequence reflects an evolutionary succession that closely agrees with the palaeoenvironmental model previously presented by the authors elsewhere for the south-western Portuguese coast, where a change in the rate of sea-level rise has been recorded at around 5500 cal yrs BP when a very effective sandy barrier formed and isolated restricted brackish to fresh-water lagoonal environments from the open sea.     

Dramatic decrease of pelagic carbonate production by nannoplankton across the Early Toarcian anoxic event (T-OAE)

In this account we present estimates of nannofossil fluxes in four sections and one borehole all belonging to the Early Jurassic western Tethys. This study aims to map the distribution of pelagic carbonate production across the Early Toarcian anoxic event (T-OAE), and to understand which environmental parameters did control such production. Our results indicate important changes in carbonate production by nannoplankton occurring within the western Tethys and its variations through time. Nannofossil fluxes (specimens per m² per year) are extremely low during the T-OAE in all the studied settings. Higher fluxes are encountered in the westernmost part of the Tethys Ocean before the T-OAE, whilst pelagic carbonate production shifted towards the northern margin of the Tethys after the recovery from anoxic conditions. The dramatic decrease in nannoplankton production during the T-OAE has been interpreted in previous works as a biocalcification crisis related to high pCO₂ in the atmosphere/hydrosphere system. Although a high pCO₂ may have lowered the carbonate saturation state of Early Jurassic oceans and finally hampered biocalcification, we speculate that the most important effects of CO₂ increase were indirect, and affected pelagic producers via changes on climate and sea-level. Namely, it seems that precipitation/evaporation budgets and continental runoff that controlled nutrient levels and salinity in surface oceanic waters were important factors for pelagic biocalcifiers.     

钙质砂中模型桩的试验研究

根据钙质砂中桩基工程的现状,针对取自南沙群岛永暑礁的钙质砂,设计一个室内模型试验装置来研究钙质砂中钢管桩的承载和变形性能以及影响因素,并进行了石英砂中的对比试验。试验结果表明,钢管桩在钙质砂和石英砂中的表现有着显著差异。钙质砂中钢管桩承载能力很低,仅为石英砂的66%～70%,钙质砂中桩身轴力衰减速率缓慢,桩侧摩阻力远远小于石英砂的,仅为石英砂的20%～27%,并具有深度效应,开口钢管桩和闭口钢管桩的桩侧摩阻力相差不大。同时表明,钙质砂中桩侧摩阻力对相对密度的变化没有石英砂敏感,受相对密度影响很小。由颗粒破碎引起的桩周水平有效应力的大幅降低是造成钙质砂中钢管桩桩侧摩阻力低的主要原因。     

Ag-Cu-Pb-Bi-S Minerals Newly Discovered from the Ohori Base Metal Deposit, Yamagata Prefecture, NE Japan: Implications for Bi-metallogenesis in the Green-Tuff Region

The Ohori deposit, one of the base metal deposits in the Green-Tuff region, NE Japan, is composed of two types of mineralization; a skarn-type (Kaninomata orebody) made by the replacement of the Miocene calcareous layer, and a vein-type (Nakanomata orebody). While the ore mineral assemblage of the deposit (chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite and galena) has been known for being rather simple, some Pb-Bi-S minerals have been discovered for the first time in the present study. The minerals mainly occur in the chalcopyrite-rich ores of both orebodies. They essentially belong to the Pb-Bi-S system and contain Cu and Ag in minor amounts, which correspond to the lillianite–gustavite solid solution series (phases Z and X), cosalite, neyite, felbertalite, krupkaite and Bi-bearing galena. The chalcopyrite-rich (Bi-bearing) ores from both orebodies are richer in chalcopyrite, pyrite and chlorite, and have higher homogenization temperatures (>300°C) of fluid inclusions, and higher FeS contents in sphalerite compared to the Bi-free ores. In the Green-Tuff region, Bi-minerals have been reported from many base metal deposits. Most of these Bi-bearing ore deposits are referred to as xenothermal-type deposits, and are characterized by the following common features; composite mineralization of high- and low-temperatures in the shallower environments, and close relationships with the Tertiary granitic rocks. The whole mineralization at the Ohori deposit also has a similar xenothermal character because of the coexistence of high-temperature chalcopyrite-rich ores with Pb-Bi-S minerals, which were formed by the influence of the Tertiary granitic rocks at a shallow depth.