Small-scale magnetic buoyancy and magnetic pumping effects in a turbulent convection

We determine the nonlinear drift velocities of the mean magnetic field and nonlinear turbulent magnetic diffusion in a turbulent convection. We show that the nonlinear drift velocities are caused by three kinds of the inhomogeneities; i.e., inhomogeneous turbulence, the nonuniform fluid density and the nonuniform turbulent heat flux. The inhomogeneous turbulence results in the well-known turbulent diamagnetic and paramagnetic velocities. The nonlinear drift velocities of the mean magnetic field cause the small-scale magnetic buoyancy and magnetic pumping effects in the turbulent convection. These phenomena are different from the large-scale magnetic buoyancy and magnetic pumping effects which are due to the effect of the mean magnetic field on the large-scale density stratified fluid flow. The small-scale magnetic buoyancy and magnetic pumping can be stronger than these large-scale effects when the mean magnetic field is smaller than the equipartition field. We discuss the small-scale magnetic buoyancy and magnetic pumping effects in the context of the solar and stellar turbulent convection. We demonstrate also that the nonlinear turbulent magnetic diffusion in the turbulent convection is anisotropic even for a weak mean magnetic field. In particular, it is enhanced in the radial direction. The magnetic fluctuations due to the small-scale dynamo increase the turbulent magnetic diffusion of the toroidal component of the mean magnetic field, while they do not affect the turbulent magnetic diffusion of the poloidal field.     

Relative importance of wind and buoyancy forcing for interdecadal regime shifts in the Pacific Ocean

Interdecadal variations in the Northern Hemisphere and the North Pacific have been documented in many studies[1 4]. The connection between the subtropical North Pacific and the tropics is regarded as the most important process triggering and maintaining t…     

用于天然气水合物调查的轻便型声学深拖系统总体方案分析

论证了用于天然气水合物调查的轻便型声学深拖系统的总体方案,其拖曳方式选择是其核心问题之一,重力型拖体操作方便但稳定性差,弱正浮力型拖体稳定性好而操作复杂。首先论证了两型声学深拖的运动性能,分析了提升重力型拖体稳定性的措施,结果表明,重力型拖体俯仰运动稳定性显著弱于弱正浮力型拖体,并且各项改善措施对于稳定性提高不显著。其次对测深侧扫声呐、多波束测深声呐、浅地层剖面仪和声多普勒测速仪等声学深拖系统主要搭载声呐开展分析,准定量的得到对拖曳平台稳定性的要求。综合考虑拖体稳定性、配套装备要求、开发经验和成本等因素,为了获得更好的探测结果,最终确定采用弱正浮力型拖曳系统,并给出了系统的总体设计方案。     

2013年3月20日三明市大范围冰雹过程分析

利用常规观测资料、Micaps资料、三明市区域站加密资料以及多普勒雷达资料,对2013年3月20日三明市大范围冰雹大风过程进行诊断分析。结果表明：500hPa高空槽加深、南支槽东移、三层强劲西南急流、中低层的低涡切变及弱冷空气南下、地面锋面低槽等是该次冰雹过程的主要影响系统。冰雹的发生需要较强的垂直温度梯度t850-500≥25℃,上干下湿,冰雹的0℃层高度约3．5～4．3km左右,一20℃层约在7．0～7．8km左右,低层比湿q≥10g／kg。地面气象要素的剧烈变化对强天气的发生具有一定的指示意义。850hPaθse高能舌向降雹区输送不稳定能量,低层水汽充沛,地面冷空气南下渗透触发了不稳定能量的释放使得中尺度对流天气发生发展。该次冰雹过程强度强、范围大,对流回波（飑线）呈带状自西而东影响三明市。     

一种新型潜浮式深海地震仪的设计与试验

鉴于国内外海洋地震台网的缺乏, 本文介绍了一种面向全球海域应用的漂浮式海底地震接收系统(mobile earthquake recording in marine areas by independent divers, MERMAID)。针对潜浮式地震仪MERMAID浮标的研发过程, 建立了浮标的总体设计要求与典型工作循环流程, 设计了液压式浮力调节系统、机械结构等, 并对比分析了不同转速及负浮力下潜过程, 最后进行了实验室压力检测和千岛湖湖试。试验结果表明, 该浮标能在15MPa压力下保持良好的密封性与稳定性, 利用水听器可以有效地采集到天然地震纵波(P波), 同时计算各模块单个周期的能耗, 以验证设计指标。     

Reversing buoyancy in turbidity currents: developing a hypothesis for flow transformation and for deposit facies and architecture

A turbidity current that contains fresher or otherwise less dense water than its surroundings may initially be denser than the ambient and propagate as a bottom-hugging flow, but later reverse in buoyancy as its bulk density decreases through sedimentation to become lower than that of the ambient seawater. It is proposed that this reversal in buoyancy may be a significant mechanism controlling the structure and facies of turbiditic deposits. Buoyancy reversal followed by lofting may directly affect the relative distribution of fine and coarse material in the deposit, while buoyancy reversal itself may mediate the transformation between dilute and highly-concentrated suspension flows, particularly in distal regions, and thus lead to the formation of complex turbiditic beds: in particular, the generation of distal co-genetic debrites may be expected. Similar transformations occur within dilute pyroclastic density currents, where a mobile, basal concentrated flow, termed a surge-derived pyroclastic flow, develops through rapid sedimentation from the suspended load of the overlying surge. The physical mechanisms involved in these processes are discussed, leading to the proposal of some associated facies models; these are compared with field data from the Northern Apennines, with some striking similarities being noted as well as some differences. On the basis of this discussion, some directions are suggested for future experimental and modelling work on the topic.     

Buoyancy leads to high productivity of the Changjiang diluted water: a note

Being the mightiest river emptying into the East China Sea （ECS） and the Pacific Ocean, compounded with the large increase of nitrogen and phosphorus input due to anthropogenic activities, the Changjiang River （Yangtze River） has become a dominating source of these nutrients to the estuary. The high nutrient concentrations notwithstanding, however, outside of the estuary the high biological productivity of the Changjiang diluted water （CDW） are most probably fueled mainly by nutrient-rich subsurface waters originating from the upwelled Kuroshio waters. This is because while the buoyancy of the CDW spreads it out on the ECS continen- tal shelf, the CDW entrains subsurface waters along with the nutrients. Nutrients thus supplied are several times more than those supplied by the Changjiang River.     

南海中央海盆扩张期后海山链岩浆活动的热模拟研究

壳幔黏性结构是影响南海中央海盆扩张期后海山链岩浆活动的主要因素,研究其岩浆活动发育机制具有重要的科学意义。利用重、磁、测深及岩样分析数据提供的地壳结构和热力学参数,通过FEM数值模拟,研究了南海中央海盆珍贝-黄岩海山链之下黏性结构与岩浆熔融、运移活动的关系。根据黏性主要受压力和温度控制,但熔融期间的散热及脱水会增加黏性,设计了三种不同的黏性结构模型。计算结果表明：三种垂向黏性结构模型在不同的温度条件下,都可以使地幔熔融区最大熔融程度达到20%~25%。岩浆熔融程度与地幔热结构、熔融潜热和含水量有关,并受扩张速率影响,慢速扩张脊下的岩浆熔融程度相对较低。岩浆运移在扩张期后主要依靠减压熔融浮力,垂直上升至熔融区顶面后沿上倾面向脊轴运移。接近脊轴熔融带,部分熔融程度高,远离轴部熔融带,部分熔融程度较低。主要结论：南海中央海盆海底扩张期,海山链之下10 km深度具备形成拉斑玄武岩浆的条件;扩张期末,该地区25 km深度具备形成碱性玄武岩浆的条件。     

极端干旱荒漠地区大气热力边界层厚度研究

通过对以往一些野外观测事实分析,发现在极端干旱荒漠区的晴天热力大气边界层厚度远远超出了以往在其他地区发现的热力大气边界层厚度,由此提出了荒漠地区超常厚度大气热力边界层现象。并且,讨论了控制大气热力边界层形成和发展的主要物理因素,还对极端干旱荒漠地区这种超常厚度大气热力边界层现象进行了理论分析和解释,初步认为地表白天强烈加热和夜间快速冷却是极端干旱荒漠区出现超常厚度大气热力边界层的最根本原因。     

俯冲带的负浮力及其影响因素

基于Ｍｕｒｎａｇｈａｎ－Ｂｉｒｃｈ状态方程，计算了密度Ｐ、热膨胀系数ａｖ、定压比热ｃｐ等物性参数在上地幔温压条件下的分布，给出了热传导系数ｋ在上地幔温压条件下的分布．采用准动力学计算方案，用有限元方法计算了板块不同俯冲速度、角度、不同厚度及不同俯冲深度情况下俯冲带的温度分布和密度分布．计算了不同俯冲模型下俯冲带的负浮力及其对岩石层板块形成的等效应力，发现负浮力在俯冲过程中是变化的，俯冲速度和板块厚度对其有明显的影响，在稳定俯冲状态，负浮力约为（１．５－２．３）×１０^１３Ｎｍ^－１，等效张应力约为０．２５－０．２９Ｇｐａ．