Absolute Calibration of Jason-1 and TOPEX/Poseidon Altimeters in Corsica Special Issue: Jason-1 Calibration/Validation

The double geodetic Corsica site, which includes Ajaccio-Aspretto and Cape Senetosa (40 km south Ajaccio) in the western Mediterranean area, has been chosen to permit the absolute calibration of radar altimeters. It has been developed since 1998 at Cape Senetosa and, in addition to the use of classical tide gauges, a GPS buoy is deployed every 10 days under the satellites ground track (10 km off shore) since 2000. The 2002 absolute calibration campaign made from January to September in Corsica revealed the necessity of deploying different geodetic techniques on a dedicated site to reach an accuracy level of a few mm: in particular, the French Transportable Laser Ranging System (FTLRS) for accurate orbit determination, and various geodetic equipment as well as a local marine geoid, for monitoring the local sea level and mean sea level. TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter calibration has been performed from cycle 208 to 365 using M-GDR products, whereas Jason-1 altimeter calibration used cycles from 1 to 45 using I-GDR products. For Jason-1, improved estimates of sea-state bias and columnar atmospheric wet path delay as well as the most precise orbits available have been used. The goal of this article is to give synthetic results of the analysis of the different error sources for the tandem phase and for the whole studied period, as geophysical corrections, orbits and reference frame, sea level, and finally altimeter biases. Results are at the millimeter level when considering one year of continuous monitoring; they show a great consistency between both satellites with biases of 6 ± 3 mm (ALT-B) and 120 ± 7 mm, respectively, for TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason-1.     

Numerical study on the reverse drift force of floating BBDB wave energy absorbers

The motions and time-mean horizontal drift forces of floating backward-bent duct buoy wave energy absorbers in regular waves are calculated taking account of the oscillating surface-pressure due to the pressure drop in the air chamber above the oscillating water column within the scope of the linear wave theory. The present numerical results show that the time-mean drift forces of backward-bent duct buoys are in the reverse direction of propagation of the incident waves over specific frequency ranges as found by McCormick through his experimental work. The drift force has been calculated by the near-field method. A brief discussion on Maruo’s formula which shows that the time-mean drift force must be in the direction of propagation of the incident waves, has also been presented.     

Surface circulation derived from drifting buoys in mid- and low-latitude Pacific

1 INTRODUCTION Measuring the velocity of ocean currents is one of the most important tasks in physical oceanography research. Many centuries ago, mariners had begun to obtain the sea surface cur- rents from vessel drift records. As early as in 1870s instr…     

海洋资料浮标姿态信息测量技术研究现状及发展趋势

海洋资料浮标在海洋环境监测、预警预报、防灾减灾、资源开发、海上交通、渔业生产、军事活动保障等方面具有重要作用,是海洋立体监测体系的重要组成部分。世界主要沿海国家和国际组织都极为重视海洋浮标技术的发展。海上观测过程中,浮标随风、浪、流等作用产生复杂运动。浮标复杂运动的精确观测离不开浮标姿态信息测量技术的发展。浮标姿态信息,不仅是浮标及其搭载设备工作安全性可靠性评价的重要参考,也是浮标测量数据实时精准校正的重要保障。因此,浮标姿态测量技术具有重要的研究价值和应用价值。文章从工程实际的技术需求出发,对浮标姿态信息测量技术的研究现状、技术难点以及发展趋势等方面进行了梳理和总结,以期对研发新一代智能浮标观测技术提供有益启发和借鉴。     

多圆柱体浮标的横摇性能分析

横摇性能是评价浮标在海上运动稳定性的重要参数之一,它直接影响浮标在海中漂浮的姿态和对天线束宽的要求,这对于卫星通讯浮标尤为重要,因此大多数的浮标主体外形为横摇性能较好的球体,但是球体浮标不适合被无人机携带。本文设计了一种用于空投横摇性能较好的圆柱体浮标,通过研究圆柱体浮标尺寸形状与横摇性能的关系,分析不同尺寸下圆柱体浮标横摇性能随直径与高度的比值(径高比)的变化趋势。同时,分析了同种海况下球体浮标横摇性能随直径的变化趋势作为对比,发现圆柱体浮标的横摇放大因子随径高比增大而先增大后减小,从而确定多圆柱体浮标的设计方案,数值模拟该形状浮标在5级海况下的横摇性能,计算得到稳定状态下的最大横摇角度小于20°。另外进行了海上试验,浮标在有效波高为1 m的海浪中的最大横摇倾角约为16°,符合设计要求。     

东中国海海浪数值模式的研究

为建立适应东中国海的海浪数值模式，主要基于目前广泛使用的WAVEWATCHⅡⅠ海浪数值模式进行东中国海海域的海浪数值模拟。以NCEP和NCEP与QSCAT的混合风场资料为输入，模拟了两个时间段的东中国海海域的海面风浪场。选取的两个有实测资料的输出点分别在渤海和东海。从所得结果来看，使用NCEP与QSCAT混合风场模拟的东海观测点处的波高和风场的观测值和模拟值符合的较好；利用1998年相应时间段的NCEP风场模拟的上述两点结果与实测比较也是可以接受的。研究结果说明，在目前情况下，运用NCEP与QSCAT混合风场建立统一的东中国海海浪数值预报模式是可行的，同时为东中国海波气候学研究及海洋大气耦合作用研究奠定了模式基础。     

JBY1-1型波浪浮标检定装置

在国家海洋局支持下，国家海洋标准计量中心成功研制了JBY1-1型波浪浮标检定装置。该装置填补了我国波浪浮标检定领域的空白，在波高、波周期等主要技术性能上优于欧美发达国家同类设备。本文详细介绍了该装置的结构、组成、主要技术指标，关键技术及实际应用情况等。     

Construction of surface wind stress fields with high temporal resolution using ERS-1 scatterometer data

Wind stress fields with high temporal resolution over the North Pacific have been constructured by using ERS-1 scatterometer data. A simple objective analysis, a successive correction method, was used to construct the fields. Several necessary parameters used in the method are examined by a simulation based on the climatological data. The meridional decorrelation scale of the wind stress depends strongly on the season, while the zonal decorrelation scale is highly stable. We determined the decorrelation scale depending on the location and the time and applied to the successive correction method. The monthly mean field constructed by averaging the daily mean data is free from an aliasing error, which is a serious problem if a simple monthly averaging is applied. The daily wind stress data obtained in the present study represent small time- and spatial-scale variation and large amplitudes compared with data interpolated from simple monthly mean data. The satellite-derived data are also compared with in situ data obtained by meteorological buoys. The satellite wind speeds are lower than in situ wind speeds for every buoy. This underestimation is not due to the present objective analysis, but due to the original data, the ERS-1 Scatterometer Value-Added Product.     

新型表层漂流浮标体设计分析

表层漂流浮标在应用于海洋调查研究时,浮标体外形对浮标通讯稳定性及数据回收等会产生一系列影响,也直接制约浮标使用寿命。为此,考虑减少风阻和水阻,减小浮标体对水帆运动的影响,提出了一种新型的适用于近远海海洋观测的表层漂流浮标体葫芦形外形设计方案。结合流体力学理论分析,运用Solid Works软件分别对葫芦形浮标体和常用的圆柱形浮标体建模,并利用Workbench软件CFX流体分析模块开展了流体分析和比较,结果表明葫芦形浮标体所受压力更均匀,其水下部分压力值较圆柱浮标体减小约28%,证明葫芦形外形浮标体更具可靠性。     

Spreading of river water in Suruga Bay

We have investigated the spreading of river water in Suruga Bay by performing numerical experiments and conducting field surveys with drifting buoys. There are clear seasonal variations in the large river discharges into the bay: increased discharge in the rainy summer season and decreased discharge in the dry winter season. The numerical model reproduces the main feature that has been observed in the actual sea: the river water extends gradually from the northwestern to the southeastern regions in the bay, especially in summer. The river water spreading is greatly influenced by the bottom topography of the bay: the Fuji River water spreads over a deep continental slope as a surface-advected plume and extends well offshore, since a large bulge (anticyclonic eddy at the river mouth) extends well offshore and effectively transports the river water offshore. On the other hand, the Oi River water tends to flow parallel to isobaths (along a coastline) on a shallow continental shelf as a bottomadvected plume. Moreover, the influences of seasonal variations in the stratification and a bay-scale, wind-driven circulation are also investigated. Trajectories of the drifting buoys, which were released around the Fuji River mouth, certainly suggest that the bulge exists there.