The 1985 chlorine and fluorine inventories in the stratosphere based on ATMOS observations at 30° north latitude

The set of high-resolution infrared solar observations made with the Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS)-Fourier transform spectrometer from onboard Spacelab 3 (30 April-1 May 1985) has been used to evaluate the total budgets of the odd chlorine and fluorine chemical families in the stratosphere. These budgets are based on volume mixing ratio profiles measured for HCl, HF, CH₃Cl, ClONO₂, CCl₄, CCl₂F₂, CCl₃F, CHClF₂, CF₄, COF₂, and SF₆ near 30° north latitude. When including realistic concentrations for species not measured by ATMOS, i.e., the source gases CH₃CCl₃ and C₂F₃Cl₃ below 25 km, and the reservoirs ClO, HOCl and COFCl between 15 and 40 km (five gases actually measured by other techniques), the 30° N zonal 1985 mean total mixing ratio of chlorine, Cl, was found to be equal to (2.58±0.10) ppbv (parts per billion by volume) throughout the stratosphere, with no significant decrease near the stratopause. The results for total fluorine indicate a slight, but steady, decrease of its volume mixing ratio with increasing altitude, around a mean stratospheric value of (1.15±0.12) ppbv. Both uncertainties correspond to one standard deviation. These mean springtime 1985 stratospheric budgets are commensurate with values reported for the tropospheric Cl and F concentrations in the early 1980s, when allowance is made for the growth rates of their source gases at the ground and the time required for tropospheric air to be transported into the stratosphere. The results are discussed with emphasis on conservation of fluorine and chlorine and the partitioning among source, sink, and reservoir gases throughout the stratosphere.     

大沙鼠的警戒行为与采食及其它行为之间的关系

 动物常依据捕食风险强弱改变其行为策略,在警戒与采食及其它行为的时间分配上权衡,这一理论称为捕食风险的时间分配假说。该假说已在高原鼠兔等动物中得到验证,但对在中亚荒漠地区有代表性的啮齿动物大沙鼠（Rhombomys opimus）是否成立至今未被验证。通过行为观察,比较警戒与采食等行为在单位观察时间内总累积时间、单次行为持续时间以及活动频次之间的关系,验证大沙鼠行为规律是否符合捕食风险的行为时间分配假说。结果显示大沙鼠警戒行为的总累积时间与采食等其它行为间存在显著负相关（警戒与总地表活动：r=-0.727,P<0.001;警戒与采食：r=-0.515,P< 0.001;警戒与储食：r=-0.174,P< 0.001;警戒与其它行为：r=-0.142,P= 0.001）,警戒单次持续时间也与其它行为的单次持续时间存在显著负相关（警戒与地表活动：r=-0.157,P< 0.001;警戒与采食：r=-0.126,P= 0.002;警戒与储食：r=-0.094,P= 0.024）。此外大沙鼠警戒频次与其活跃程度紧密相关,大沙鼠活动频繁时,伴随的警戒次数也多（警戒与总地表活动：r= 0.404,P< 0.001;警戒与采食：r= 0.311,P< 0.001;警戒与储食：r= 0.297,P< 0.001;警戒与其它行为：r= 0.366,P< 0.001）。研究表明：大沙鼠在警戒与采食等其它行为的时间分配上存在明显权衡,支持捕食风险的时间分配假说,并且其警戒行为亦与活动频次有关,当大沙鼠活动频繁时,伴随的警戒行为次数也越多。     

Characterization of lake water and ground water movement in the littoral zone of Williams Lake,a closed‐basin lake in north central Minnesota

Williams Lake, Minnesota is a closed‐basin lake that is a flow‐through system with respect to ground water. Ground‐water input represents half of the annual water input and most of the chemical input to the lake. Chemical budgets indicate that the lake is a sink for calcium, yet surficial sediments contain little calcium carbonate. Sediment pore‐water samplers (peepers) were used to characterize solute fluxes at the lake‐water–ground‐water interface in the littoral zone and resolve the apparent disparity between the chemical budget and sediment data. Pore‐water depth profiles of the stable isotopes δ¹⁸O and δ²H were non‐linear where ground water seeped into the lake, with a sharp transition from lake‐water values to ground‐water values in the top 10 cm of sediment. These data indicate that advective inflow to the lake is the primary mechanism for solute flux from ground water. Linear interstitial velocities determined from δ²H profiles (316 to 528 cm/yr) were consistent with velocities determined independently from water budget data and sediment porosity (366 cm/yr). Stable isotope profiles were generally linear where water flowed out of the lake into ground water. However, calcium profiles were not linear in the same area and varied in response to input of calcium carbonate from the littoral zone and subsequent dissolution. The comparison of pore‐water calcium profiles to pore‐water stable isotope profiles indicate calcium is not conservative. Based on the previous understanding that 40–50 % of the calcium in Williams Lake is retained, the pore‐water profiles indicate aquatic plants in the littoral zone are recycling the retained portion of calcium. The difference between the pore‐water depth profiles of calcium and δ¹⁸O and δ²H demonstrate the importance of using stable isotopes to evaluate flow direction and source through the lake‐water–ground‐water interface and evaluate mechanisms controlling the chemical balance of lakes. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics during runoff events over a transition from grassland to shrubland in the south‐western United States

During the last 150 years, land degradation across the semi‐arid grasslands of the south‐western United States has been associated with an increase in runoff and erosion. Concurrent with this increase in runoff and erosion is a loss of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), which are plant‐essential nutrients. This study investigates the runoff‐driven redistribution and loss of dissolved and particulate‐bound N and P that occurs during natural runoff events over a trajectory of degradation, from grassland to degraded shrubland, in central New Mexico. Runoff‐driven nutrient dynamics were monitored at four stages over a transition from grassland to shrubland, for naturally occurring rainfall events over 10 × 30 m bounded runoff plots. Results show that particulate‐bound forms of N and P are responsible for most of N and P lost from the plots due to erosion occurring during runoff events. Results suggest that for high‐magnitude rainfall events, the output of N and P from the plots may greatly exceed the amount input into the plots, particularly over shrub‐dominated plots where erosion rates are higher. As these results only become apparent when monitoring these processes over larger hillslope plots, it is important to recognize that processes of nutrient cycling related to the islands of fertility hypothesis may have previously been overstated when observed only at smaller spatial scales. Thus, the progressive degradation of semi‐arid grassland ecosystems across the south‐western United States and other semi‐arid ecosystems worldwide has the potential to affect N and P cycling significantly through an increase in nutrient redistribution and loss in runoff. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Estimation of submarine groundwater discharge in Plover Cove, Tolo Harbour, Hong Kong by Rn

Algal blooms in Tolo Harbour, Hong Kong have received much attention and submarine groundwater discharge is speculated to be a significant pathway carrying nutrients into the constricted estuary. Plover Cove, a small cove in the Harbour, was selected for SGD analysis using ²²²Rn budget. The volumetric SGD rates are estimated to be about 8000 m³/day for neap tide and about 17,000 m³/day for spring tide. Result of nutrient analysis of the porewater indicates that the nutrient loading through this pathway is speculated to be crucial for eutrophication in Tolo Harbour. Current practice for the management of algal blooms in Hong Kong, in which nutrient loading through SGD was ignored, has to be reviewed and the control measures of groundwater contamination are obviously required.     

Circulation in the Bras d'Or Lakes

The Bras d'Or Lakes are a system of interconnecting basins open through two narrow channels to the Sydney Bight at the mouth of the Gulf of St Lawrence. Hydrographic surveys between 1972 and 1974 showed that surface waters can warm by more than 10 °C from May to July and that horizontal salinity differences of up to 10 psu can exist between Sydney Bight (30 psu) and the innermost regions of the Lakes. Using the data from May and June 1974 to derive horizontal and vertical exchanges, a simple budget model has been set up consisting of two or three layers in each of nine separate regions. The model has a bottom inflow from Sydney Bight, deep inflow through the narrow channels to other basins and a surface outflow. The exchanges agree reasonably well with estimates derived from available current meter data. The model's predicted temperatures and salinities for July 1974 had rms errors of about 1·5 °C and 0·82 psu, respectively. The dissolved oxygen concentrations in four of the more isolated basins are similar to those calculated from the model, giving support to the derived circulation.     

THE UTILITY OF SOIL SURVEYS TO ASSESS FLOODPLAIN SEDIMENT STORAGE IN SOUTHEASTERN MINNESOTA*

How useful are county soil surveys for estimating floodplain storage in fluvial sediment budgets? This paper compares data about accelerated sedimentation collected from field corings with information derived from three county soil surveys in southeastern Minnesota. Two soil surveys proved to be unsatisfactory data sources about historical alluvium, but another survey was a more accurate source for one drainage basin. Even this third soil survey would require calibration for use in a geographic information system, because it was only the survey's maximum estimate that agreed with the field data.     

由GMS卫星资料获取我国夏季地表辐射收支

地表辐射收支是一个重要的基本辐射参数，本文导得卫星可见光和红外波段测值与地表辐射收支的基本关系，据此利用GMS静止气象卫星可见光和红外通道数值化资料和地面辐射收支观测资料，建立了几个由卫星资料估计地面辐射收支的模式，选择效果最佳的一种模式，通过内插方法求取全国辐射收支分布，回归效果与实测结果比较表明，方法有实际应用价值。     

Intra- and interspecies comparison of energy flow in North Atlantic flatfish species by means of dynamic energy budgets

The quantitative aspects of growth and reproduction in four flatfish species (plaice, flounder, dab, sole) in terms of energy flow are described on the basis of a dynamic energy budget (DEB theory). This theory consists of general assumptions about energy uptake, storage and utilisation and describes an individual by two state variables: structure and reserve, whereby body size exerts its influence through the ratio between surface area and volume. Comparison between model estimates and field data shows that the DEB model successfully describes the energetics of growth and reproduction in a number of flatfish species. Differences between species could be captured in the same model using different parameter values. Intraspecific differences in growth between males and females are mainly caused by differences in maximum surface area-specific ingestion rates. Differences between species are reflected in the surface area-specific maximum ingestion rate, the energy partitioning over growth and reproduction, and in egg volume. According to these parameters at 283 K (10°C), the species could be ranked as follows: surface area-specific maximum ingestion rate (W m⁻²) plaice: 56.6; flounder: 54.5; sole: 45.1 and dab: 36.1 W m⁻². Fraction of energy allocated to reproduction (–): flounder: 0.35; plaice: 0.15; dab: 0.15 and sole 0.10. As a consequence of these differences in surface area-specific maximum ingestion rate and in the fraction of utilised energy allocated to reproduction, the gonad masses (g) of females of 0.5 kg wet mass differ considerably: flounder: 149 g; plaice: 86 g; sole: 70 g; and dab: 69 g. However, due to differences in egg size between species, the potential annual egg production shows a completely different pattern: dab: 2200 10³; flounder: 1560 10³; sole: 343 10³ and plaice: 130 10³ eggs.     

Experimental investigations into processes controlling stream and hyporheic temperatures,Fryxell Basin,Antarctica

Glacial meltwater streams in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica exhibit daily cycles in temperature with maxima frequently reaching 10–15 °C, often 10 °C above air temperatures. Hydrologic and biogeochemical processes occurring in these streams and their hyporheic zones strongly influence the flux of water, solutes, and sediment to the ice-covered lakes on the valley bottoms. The purpose of this study was to identify the dominant processes controlling water temperature in these polar desert streams and to investigate in particular the role of hyporheic exchange. In order to do this, we analyzed stream temperature patterns on basin-wide, longitudinal, and reach scales. In the basin-wide study, we examined stream temperature monitoring data for seven streams in the Lake Fryxell Basin. For the longitudinal study, we measured temperatures at seven sites along a 5-km length of Von Guerard Stream.