江西龙虎山世界地质公园白垩系辫状河相沉积及其丹霞地貌发育特征

通过野外露头及相关室内研究,分析了龙虎山世界地质公园及邻区白垩系辫状河相沉积特征及其与丹霞地貌发育规律关系。研究认为:龙虎山世界地质公园丹霞地貌发育除了与冲积扇相沉积有关外,还与辫状河相沉积有关,表现为辫状河道巨厚砂体为丹霞丘陵地貌发育提供物质基础;发育于辫状河道中呈小型透镜体或扁平状、脉状体的河床滞留沉积和洪泛沉积,易风化剥蚀形成溶蚀风化崩塌型丹霞地貌。此外,多期河道的多旋回沉积交错叠置形成楔状交错层理,其层系上下界面平直,层系厚度在小范围内变化很快,层系内细层的倾向相反,为后期风化剥蚀提供了条件,易形成溶蚀风化崩塌型丹霞地貌。进一步研究发现丹霞丘陵地貌、溶蚀风化崩塌型丹霞地貌分布与辫状河相沉积平面展布具有较好的一致性,吻合度较高。本文首次研究了辫状河沉积体系与丹霞地貌发育特征的关系。     

Validation and implications of an energy‐based bedload transport equation

A recently developed bedload equation (Abrahams & Gao, 2006) has the form i_b = ωG^3˙4, where i_b is the immersed bedload transport rate, ω is the stream power per unit area, G = 1?θ_c/θ, θ is the dimensionless shear stress and θ_c is the associated threshold value for the incipient motion of bed grains. This equation has a parsimonious form and provides good predictions of transport rate in both the saltation and sheetflow regimes (i.e. flows with low and high θ values, respectively). In this study, the equation was validated using data independent of those used for developing it. The data represent bedload of identical sizes transported in various steady, uniform, fully rough and turbulent flows over plane, mobile beds. The equation predicted i_b quite well over five orders of magnitude. This equation was further compared with six classic bedload equations and showed the best performance. Its theoretical significance was subsequently examined in two ways. First, based on collision theory, the parameter G was related to the ratio of grain‐to‐grain collisions to the total collisions including both grain‐to‐grain and grain‐to‐bed collisions, P_g by P_g = G², suggesting that G characterizes the dynamic processes of bedload transport from the perspective of granular flow, which partly accounts for the good performance of the equation. Moreover, examining the ability of two common equations to predict bedload in gravel‐bed rivers revealed that G can also be used to simplify equations for predicting transport capacities in such rivers. Second, a simple dimensionless form of the equation was created by introducing B = i_b/ω. The theoretical nature of the term B was subsequently revealed by comparing this equation with both the Bagnold model and two commonly used parameters representing dimensionless bedload transport rates.     

渤海东部庙北地区古近系层序与沉积特征

综合壁心、薄片、钻井和三维地震等资料分析渤海东部庙北地区古近系层序与沉积特征,并运用地震相、古地貌和地震属性刻画沉积体系平面展布.研究表明,古近系由1个二级层序、4个三级层序组成,经历了一个完整的湖泊初始发育、扩张及萎缩阶段,主要发育扇三角洲、碳酸盐岩浅滩、半深湖-深湖、辫状河三角洲等沉积体系.不同的沉积体系形成于不同的湖泊演化阶段,地震响应特征也不同.扇三角洲和碳酸盐岩浅滩发育于湖泊初始发育阶段,扇三角洲表现为填充型楔形前积反射,沿凸起边缘断坡带呈朵状分布;碳酸盐岩浅滩表现为水进型丘形叠瓦状反射,呈椭圆状分布于水下古隆起带上,椭圆的长轴方向平行于水下古隆起带走向;半深湖-深湖相暗色泥岩发育于湖泊扩张期,表现为平行连续中弱振幅反射,在庙西北洼和渤东凹陷深陷带最为发育;辫状河三角洲发育于湖泊萎缩期,表现为低角度中高频、中弱振幅前积反射,沿凸起边缘挠曲坡折带呈朵叶状分布.庙北地区油气显示普遍,这种沉积体系识别与刻画结果对于该区油气勘探具有重要意义.     

大型坳陷湖盆浅水辫状河三角洲沉积特征及模式:以鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组为例

浅水三角洲是当今沉积学研究热点和油气勘探重点对象。鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区三叠系延长组发育了大型浅水辫状河三角洲,并在其中发现了丰富的油气资源。在大量野外露头、岩心和地球物理资料分析的基础上,明确鄂尔多斯盆地延长组具有利于浅水辫状河三角洲发育的大型坳陷湖盆地质背景,形成的辫状河三角洲具有粒度较粗、塑性岩屑较多、成分和结构成熟度较低、发育交错层理和间断正韵律、水下分支河道多叉、砂厚、延伸远等沉积特征。鄂尔多斯盆地浅水辫状河三角洲沉积时期,沉积区距物源区相对较近,河道宽深比较大,发育浅水沉积构造和沉积韵律,构造活动和湖平面变化共同控制了三角洲的发育,形成了"小平原、大前缘"的浅水辫状河三角洲沉积体系。     

21世纪前中期三江源地区极端气候事件变化趋势分析

利用国家气候中心发布的IPCC SRES A1B温室气体排放情景下水平分辨率为25 km的连续气候变化模拟试验数据, 分析了三江源地区极端气候事件变化趋势.结果显示: 2001-2050年冷暖等级呈显著增高趋势, 其中以夏季变化最为明显, 冬季变化最小; 极端高温事件发生频次呈显著增多趋势, 而极端低温事件总体呈显著减少趋势; 干湿等级呈不显著增高趋势, 四季中只有冬季干湿等级呈减小趋势, 其余三季均呈升高趋势; 干燥和暴雨事件发生频次均呈显著增多趋势.地形尤其是经、 纬度和海拔对极端气候事件的变化趋势有明显的影响.     

近50年黄河乌兰布和沙漠段辫状河道演变

依据水沙资料和断面资料,对黄河乌兰布和沙漠段辫状河道形态近50年演变特征及趋势进行探讨分析。结果表明：在大流量条件下（1966-1993年）,河流横向侵蚀、搬运堆积过程强烈,风沙入黄（河）量大,河道横向摆动频繁,辫状河道发育强烈。当黄河流量减小时（1993-2013年）,河流横向摆动能力减弱,黄河主河槽远离左岸乌兰布和沙漠沙丘,河流输沙能力减弱,汊道泥沙淤积导致心滩边滩相连,河流分汊数量明显减少,辫状河道萎缩,黄河乌兰布和沙漠段辫状河型有向弯曲型河道转变的趋势。     

新疆库车坳陷克拉苏冲断带白垩系辫状河三角洲沉积特征及其与储集层发育的关系*

新疆库车坳陷克拉苏冲断带白垩系巴什基奇克组一、二段是一套由细砂岩、中粗砂岩、含砾砂岩、粉砂岩及泥岩组成的碎屑岩组合。通过30余口钻井(包括6口新取心井)的岩心、测井、录井、薄片及粒度等资料的分析, 结合区域地质资料, 确认克拉苏冲断带巴什基奇克组一、二段发育砂质辫状河三角洲沉积。其岩性以岩屑砂岩为主;粒度概率曲线具有牵引流特征;砂体中发育楔状交错层理及冲刷、充填构造等丰富的强水动力沉积构造及间断正韵律;砂体延伸远、面积大展布稳定, 砂地比值高;发育水下分流河道、分流间湾等微相。据三角洲砂体的岩性、沉积构造及沉积序列等特征, 建立了三角洲沉积模式。稳定的构造背景、开阔的盆地、丰富的物源供给使得研究区辫状河三角洲前缘沉积非常发育, 其以水下分流河道沉积为主体, 物性好, 砂体延伸远, 可向盆地中央方向推进35～60km, 砂体纵横叠置, 为岩性油气藏的形成提供了有利的储集空间。     

永定河沉积特征研究

永定河是华北海河水系的最大支流,在其上、下游的2个河段具有明显的沉积差异.通过对永定河上、下游河段的沉积物岩样的分析,探讨了不同河段的沉积构造类型,从粒度、层理和垂向层序方面,分析了上游至下游沉积特征存在的差异,并结合永定河同一历史时期的河道展布形态,根据辫状河的形成机理,分析了不同河道段的形成原因和演化规律.     

Diel variation of dissolved organic carbon during large flow events in a lowland river

Diel variation in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) within lotic systems has been reported on numerous occasions. However, to our knowledge there has been no published work on diel DOC variation within lowland rivers during high flow events. We sampled DOC at 4 h intervals from two sites across two distinct flow regimes in the regulated lower Namoi River, Australia. This included a large flood (mean flow 224 m³ s⁻¹ and a peak flow of 376 m³ s⁻¹) sampled every 4 h for 10 consecutive days. DOC concentrations were significantly greater at night than during the day (P < 0.05) and the mean DOC concentration was 23.4 mg L⁻¹ at night compared to 18.9 mg L⁻¹ during daylight hours. The magnitude and duration of flow within this lowland river system and the mobilisation of large quantities of allochthonous carbon appeared to play a role in increasing DOC concentration and the diel difference.     

The role of snow melting upon landslides in the central Argentinean Andes

This paper focuses on the historical range of variability of landslide activity and its relation to climate in the Aconcagua Park, Argentina. Landslide frequency data are obtained through historic compilation, including the review of more than 85 data sources and personal interviews with members of the local community. Based on these records, the study analyzes major landslide triggering mechanisms and evaluates the role of climate. Slope instability in Aconcagua Park appears to be mainly forced by the melting of snow accumulated during the winter season, which in turn promotes soil saturation and landslide occurrence the following spring–summer (December–February). This finding is supported by a strong correlation between landslides and stream flows of Andean rivers. These peaks occur during warmer seasons, fed by snow and ice‐glacier melting. In contrast, the correlation between landslide frequency and precipitation (diary/accumulative/monthly/annual) is less certain; and the relationship of landslide to temperature records (mean annual temperature/mean temperature during November–February period) is weak. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.