浅水粗粒辫状河三角洲沉积微相特征与油气产能的关系--以焉耆盆地宝浪油田为例

焉耆盆地宝浪油田含油气层段位于中生界下侏罗统三工河组(J1s)，为典型的浅水缓坡型粗粒辫状河三角洲-湖泊沉积体系。储层成分成熟度和结构成熟度低．粒度概率曲线以牵引和悬浮二段式为主，C—M图以PQ段和QR段为主，宝浪油田侏罗系三工河组划分出12种有成因意义的岩石相，采用Coleman的方案将浅水辫状河三角洲划分为：上三角洲平原(洪水线之上)、下三角洲平原(枯水线-洪水线之间)和水下三角洲平原(枯水线之下)3个亚相带。研究区主要发育了(水下)分流河道微相、水下分流河道间微相、决口水道(扇)微相、溢流沉积微相、滨湖沼泽沉积微相，河口坝微相不发育。(水下)分流河道微相占研究区储层的90％以上，根据砂体的岩石相组合、冲刷程度、水流能量大小的变化规律，其又可分为：充填河道、废弃河道、进积河道3种基本类型。储层物性以废弃河道为最好，单井油气产能亦最高，充填河道次之，进积河道和决口水道(扇)则相对较差。     

冲积河流泥沙输移幂律函数指数变化规律

冲积河流泥沙输移幂律函数关系与不平衡输沙理论是对河道不平衡输沙同一物理现象的不同描述,两者既有区别也有联系。比较研究发现:对于恒定均匀流不平衡输沙过程,当输沙位于近平衡态时两者含沙量导函数表达式具有一阶近似等价性,当输沙远离平衡态时前者含沙量导函数中隐含考虑有泥沙恢复饱和系数的变化。基于两者等价性,推导建立了幂律函数指数计算表达式,表明指数随泥沙沉速、单宽流量和沿程距离而变化,且随着输移距离的增大呈指数衰减。基于前者含沙量导函数表达式结构特点,分析建立了相应泥沙恢复饱和系数变化的计算表达式。综合以上成果,改进提出了一种变幂指数的泥沙输移幂律函数计算模型。对库里·阿雷克沉沙池沿程断面输沙指数及含沙量计算结果表明,不同距离过水断面输沙指数的变化规律是合理的,含沙量计算值与实测值变化趋势基本符合。     

基于测井资料的辫状河三角洲沉积储层精细描述

通过岩心观察、常规测井和成像测井等资料,对库车坳陷大北克深地区白垩系巴什基奇克组辫状河三角洲沉积储层特征进行了精细研究。结果表明辫状河三角洲前缘发育的水下分流河道、河口坝等构成了主要的骨架砂体类型。通过岩心刻度测井建立了一套较完整的岩性和沉积构造识别模式。在此基础上建立了不同沉积微相的测井识别与划分标准,并探讨了不同沉积微相对储层物性的控制。然后根据粒度中值和成分成熟度指数将沉积微相进一步细分为水下分流河道中砂岩、水下分流河道细砂岩等不同的岩性岩相类型,并分别建立了粒度中值和成分成熟度指数的测井评价模型。在此基础上以成像测井为主,辅以常规测井和岩心资料及粒度参数和成分成熟度指数,实现单井连续的岩性岩相识别与划分。研究成果可为后续沉积储层精细评价乃至天然气勘探开发综合研究奠定基础。     

Abundance,distribution, and fluxes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in four small sub-tropical rivers of the Tampa Bay Estuary (Florida,USA)

The delivery of organic carbon (C) from rivers to the coastal ocean via estuaries is recognized as an important component of the global C budget however, smaller river systems are often overlooked and modern flux estimates are not very different from historical estimates. Here, the seasonal (wet vs. dry) concentration and fluxes of dissolved organic C (DOC) were measured in five small sub-tropical rivers that drain into the Tampa Bay (FL, USA) estuary. DOC distributions were highly variable among riverine, mesohaline, and marine end-member samples in all river catchments and no significant differences were observed among or between DOC concentrations with respect to river catchment, season, or year of sampling. In general, DOC mixed non-conservatively during the wet seasons, and conservatively during the dry seasons, with the estuarine reaches of each river serving as a sink of DOC. Fluxes were strongly tied to discharge irrespective of season, and the estuaries removed 15–65% of DOC prior to export to coastal Bay and Gulf of Mexico waters. DOC concentrations were similar to others reported for low-elevation sub-tropical rivers, and a combination of elevation, residence time, and climate appear to control the abundance and variability of DOC in sub-tropical vs. tropical river systems. The characterization of DOC in small, sub-tropical rivers, which share characteristics with both their temperate and tropical counterparts, is critical for quantitatively constraining the importance of these systems in local-to-regional scale ocean C budgets. In addition to geomorphic properties, the role of past, present, and future land cover and other environmental change in small coastal rivers also exerts control on the quantity and flux of DOC in these systems.     

The legacy of river channel modification in wadeable,lowland rivers: Exploring overdeep rivers in England

Many lowland fluvial systems are suspected to possess a morphological legacy from a long history of channel modifications as a consequence of limited energy and sediment supply to facilitate recovery. We explore the extent of such modifications using a regionally extensive dataset of physical habitat surveys compiled by non-specialist surveyors. Representative photographs for each surveyed site were used to quality check channel width, depth and bed grain size information derived from Modular River Physical (MoRPh) surveys. Following checking, 1659 surveys were retained for analysis from alluvial sites, almost entirely in England. The photographs were also inspected for evidence of clear ‘overdeepening’ that would preclude frequent overtopping of the lower bank top. Results indicated that almost one-third of the sites were overdeepened, that width-to-depth ratios defined using the active bed width showed stronger discrimination of overdeepening than bankfull width, that highly statistically significant identification of overdeepened channels was possible in channels up to 10 m wide and with only minimal differences attributable to channel bed materials. Stepwise regression analysis estimated relationships between channel width-to-depth ratios and channel size for overdeepened and non-overdeepened channels. We demonstrate that large data sets collected by numerous non-specialist surveyors can, with careful filtering, generate statistically robust results of geomorphological value over areas larger than is otherwise practicable. Furthermore, we reveal a notable legacy of overdeepening in the analysed lowland rivers, which presents a significant ‘hydromorphological’ management challenge.     

Geochemical and stable isotopic variability within two rivers rising under the same mountain,but belonging to two distant watersheds

Complementary geochemical and stable isotope investigations of the Gorski Kotar karst aquifer system in western Croatia were obtained for the first time, to answer the question whether both studied rivers drain the same aquifer system or not. The two main rivers, the Kupa and the Rje?ina, rise under the same mountain range, but belong to two different watersheds (Black Sea and Adriatic Sea). The karst aquifer of Gorski Kotar is a potentially important source of drinking water for two neighboring countries, Croatia and Slovenia (Central and South Europe), and is strongly influenced by both Mediterranean and continental weather conditions. It is a part of the Dinaric karst, which is “locus typicus” for karst worldwide and one of the most typical karst areas in the world.     

Streamflow dynamics in a Mediterranean temporary river

Abstract

Mediterranean rivers are characterized by the irregularity of flow, harsh hydrological fluctuations and a profound transformation as the result of human activity. In this study, we investigate the streamflow response of a Mediterranean temporary river in which different groundwater, agriculture and urban contributions play an important role. Streamflow was measured at three nested gauging stations installed along Na Borges River, a lowland agricultural catchment (319 km²) on the island of Mallorca. Based on two hydrological years (2004/05 and 2005/06), potential evapotranspiration and surface water–groundwater interaction generated a succession of four different hydrological periods playing an important role in baseflow dynamics. The runoff coefficients were very low (<5%). At the event scale, groundwater also controlled runoff response, being very different according to hydrogeology, antecedent conditions and human impacts. During dry seasons, wastewater and karstic spring discharges maintain an influent regime into some streams. As a result, intense rainstorms in late summer generated water volumes over the impervious urban surfaces involved, with the result that quickflow was significant because the hydrological pathways were active. Citation Estrany, J., Garcia, C. & Alberich, R. (2010 Estrany, J., Garcia, C. and Batalla, R. J. 2010. Hydrological response of a small Mediterranean agricultural catchment. J. Hydrol., 380(1-2): 180–190. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.10.035[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]) Streamflow dynamics in a Mediterranean temporary river. Hydrol. Sci. J. 55(5), 717–736.      

Relationship between bedload and suspended sediment in the sand-bed Exu River,in the semi-arid region of Brazil

Abstract

Suspended sediment and bedload discharges in sand-bed rivers shape semi-arid landscapes and impact sediment delivery from these landscapes, but are still incompletely understood. Suspended sediment and bedload fluxes of the intermittent Exu River, Brazil, were sampled by direct measurements. The highest suspended sediment concentration observed was 4847.4 mg L^-1 and this value was possibly associated with the entrainment of sediment that was deposited in the preceding year. The bedload flux was well related to the stream power and the river efficiently transported all available bedload with a mean rate of 0.0047 kg m^-1 s^-1, and the percentage of bedload to suspended sediment varied between 4 and 12.72. The bed sediment of Exu River was prone to entrainment and showed a proclivity for transport. Thus, sand-bed and gravel-bed rivers of arid environments seem to exhibit the same mobility in the absence of armour layer.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor B. Touaibia

Citation Cantalice, J.R.B., Cunha Filho, M., Stosic, B.D., Piscoya, V.C., Guerra, S.M.S., and Singh, V.P., 2013. Relationship between bedload and suspended sediment in the sand-bed Exu River, in the semi-arid region of Brazil. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (8), 1789–1802.     

Were the hydraulic parameters of Precambrian rivers different?

Palaeohydraulic estimates have been made using time-tested standard empirical formula involving channel dimensions, especially channel depth, in four Indian Proterozoic fluvial formations. These are the Mesoproterozoic Ramdurg, younger Mesoproterozoic Muchkundi and Neoproterozoic Cave Temple Arenite in Karnataka, and Upper Rewa Sandstone in central India. The basic data came from direct measurement of decompacted thicknesses of completely preserved channel-fills or bedforms, and more commonly of cross-sets. The result, in combination with data derived by others in a similar way from a few other Precambrian fluvial formations helps to provide a new insight into the palaeohydraulics of Precambrian rivers.River gradients appear to have been steeper during the Precambrian; the possibly continuous range of variation in river gradients from alluvial fans to the plains, as a whole shifted to higher values during the Precambrian epoch. The likely reason is a greater possibility of sediment bypassing on vegetation-free land. Concomitant downstream increase in discharge was enhanced in Precambrian rivers due to lack of withdrawal of groundwater through biogenic activity. Precambrian rivers were commonly ephemeral, but downstream the ephemerality index was reduced and some rivers might have been perennial where they debouched into standing bodies of water. The Precambrian river deposits studied generally had smaller width and depth with respect to Phanerozoic and modern rivers, possibly due to unstable substratum causing surface run-off tended to be impelled along multiple independent minor channels.     

三峡水库建成后长江中下游防洪战略思考

三峡水库建成后,长江中下游防洪形势显著改善,但由于经济社会发展,防洪要求的提高和江湖关系的变化,长江防洪形势发生了一些新的变化。以1954年和1998年典型大洪水为例,分析了三峡水库建成后长江中下游防洪形势出现的新变化,讨论了长江中下游蓄滞洪空间格局调整及江湖关系变化对于防洪的影响。根据长江水沙变化、河道演变、水库群调控和分蓄洪区使用几率变化等出现的新问题,提出未来防洪战略及对策。结果表明:三峡建成后,百年一遇以下洪水防御形势明显好转,而百年一遇以上特大防洪的防洪形势仍然严峻,洪水风险主要转移到水库群上;今后需要在加强蓄滞洪区建设的基础上,重点推动防洪非工程措施建设,以减轻特大洪水带来的灾害损失。