Evidence for long‐term site fidelity of snapper (Pagrus auratus) within a marine reserve

Increases in the density of exploited species on unfished reefs logically implies that some individuals are at least temporarily resident, or show fidelity to a particular area. We tagged snapper (Pagrus auratus (Bloch & Schneider 1801)) in the Leigh Marine Reserve, New Zealand using visible implant fluorescent elastomer tags, recoverable by diver visual sightings without the need to recapture the fish. Batch tagging of snapper (n = 907) was done during an angling survey in June and December 1996, and individually coded tags were implanted by divers (n = 117) in January 1999. Snapper tagged during both programmes were recovered on irregular intervals from 1997 to 2000. There were 71 recoveries of batch tags within 500 m of their tagging sites, and these recoveries were still being made >3 years after tagging: Of individually coded fish, 49 (42%) were seen, sometimes repeatedly over several months, close to their respective tagging sites. These observations included snapper as small as 23 cm fork length, contradicting the commonly held impression that only large snapper take up long‐term residency on reefs. This preliminary evidence suggests that some snapper exhibit site fidelity to areas only a few hundred metres wide, and in the absence of fishing may occupy the same area for years.     

The influence of habitat availability on juvenile fish abundance in a northeastern New Zealand estuary

Management of fish populations is often focused on the exploitation of adult fish. Maintaining the habitat requirements of all life stages may also be an important consideration. We investigated the value of structured habitat to juvenile fishes within a northeastern New Zealand harbour using artificial seagrass units (ASUs). Specifically, we deployed ASUs across treatments with high vs. low habitat manipulations. We hypothesised that if the abundance of recruiting juvenile fishes was greater on the high habitat availability treatments this would suggest that the availability of habitat was limiting juvenile fish abundance. Our analyses were focused on the four most abundant fishes that settled on our ASUs: snapper (Pagrus auratus); spotty (Notolabrus celidotus); trevally (Pseudocaranx dentex); and an assemblage of pipefish species. For snapper, spotty and pipefish, abundance was greater on the high habitat availability treatments. This result would be unlikely to occur if the availability of juvenile fishes was limiting, suggesting that juvenile fish abundance is more likely to be limited by habitat. In terms of spatial gradients, spotty abundance and size increased with distance into the harbour. The spatial gradient present for spotty indicates the importance of placing the habitat dependency of juvenile fish into a landscape context. Overall, these results demonstrate that maintaining structured habitats may be an important consideration for some valuable inshore fish populations in northeastern New Zealand.     

红笛鲷脾脏、头肾和胸腺中IgM~+细胞与ANAE~+ T细胞的分布

采用ANAE组化方法(α-醋酸萘酯酶染色法)和ABC免疫组化方法(亲合素-生物素-过氧化物酶复合物法)分析了1龄红笛鲷成鱼的胸腺、头肾和脾脏中IgM+细胞(具有免疫球蛋白分子IgM的细胞)、ANAE+ T细胞的分布。结果表明,三个淋巴器官皆有IgM+细胞、ANAE+ T细胞;胸腺皮质区IgM+细胞数量最多,其次是头肾、胸腺髓质区、脾脏;ANAE+ T细胞以脾脏中数量居多,其次是头肾、胸腺髓质区、胸腺皮质区;ANAE+ T细胞在三个器官中多呈均匀分布,而IgM+细胞在血管、胸腺小体、黑色素巨嗜细胞中心等的外周呈密集分布。实验结果进一步证明了胸腺中的T细胞多为不成熟的T细胞,此外,还含有大量的IgM+细胞;而脾脏、头肾内的ANAE+ T细胞多于胸腺,推测胸腺成熟的T淋巴细胞迁移到头肾和脾脏。     

Effects of Dietary Protein Level on Growth and Utilization of Protein and Energy by Juvenile Mangrove Red Snapper （ Lutjanus argentimaculatus ）

A feeding trial was conducted in a recirculating water system to investigate the effects of dietary protein levels on growth, feed utilization, hepatosomatic index and liver lipid deposition of juvenile red snapper, Lutjanus argentimaculatus (average initial wet weight 8.0 ± 0.39 g and total length 3.14 ± 0.3 cm). In the experiment, six fishmeal-based diets were formulated to contain various protein levels (20% to 45% in 5% increments), with dietary energy ranging from 2210.7kJ lOOg to 2250.2kJlOOg dry matter. The protein to energy ratios of diets ranged from 8.58 mg protein kJ⁻¹ to 20.03 mg protein kJ⁻¹. Diets were fed for 90d to triplicate groups of fish stocked in 0.128m³ seawater tanks, 25 individuals each. The daily ration of 2% wet body weight was offered to the fish thrice a day. The fish at the end of the study had more than ten-fold (77.0g) increase in weight compared to the initial (8.0g). Fish fed diets of 40% and 45% protein produced significantly (P<0.05) higher weight gain of 77.2g and 76.5g, and specific growth rate (SGR) of 2.65% and 2.62% than those of 67.0 g and 68.3g, and 2.49% and 2.51% of the other diets. The broken-line regression of SGR against dietary protein level yielded an optimum dietary protein requirement of 42.6% (Y=−1.6295 + 0.1114 X ²,P<0.05). Survival remained 100% among groups. Feed conversion ratio decreased from 0.45 for fish fed 20% dietary protein to 0.35 for fish fed 45% dietary protein. Nitrogen intake increased with an increase in dietary protein, which in turn resulted in an increase in nitrogen gain of fish whole body. Fish fed 40% and 45% protein diets showed higher (P<0.05) nitrogen gain (0.27g and 0.26g) than those (0.23g and 025g) fed all other diets. Gross energy intake (GEI) in fish fed 45% protein was lower (600.67kJ) than that (607.97 kJ) of 40% protein diet, though the differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05); GEI ranging from 677.31 kJ to 663.20 kJ at remaining four diets (20% to 35% protein) did not appear to differ significantly (P>0.05). The highest energy gain of 518.33 kJ was obtained with fish fed 40% protein, resulting in the highest energy retention efficiency of 85.26%. The hepatosomatic index of fish fed diets of 20%, 25%, 30% and 35% protein were significantly (P<0.05) higher (2.09% to 2.57%) than those (1.44% and 1.41%) of fish fed diets containing 40% and 45% protein. Liver lipid contents decreased from 8.72% to 7.0% in fish fed dietary protein of 20% to 45% in 5% increments. Results suggest that the diet containing 40% to 42.6% protein with a P/E ratio of 17.6 mg protein kJ⁻¹ is required for good growth of L. argentimaculatus weighing between 8.0 g and 85.2 g under the culture conditions of the present study.     

勒氏笛鲷Lutjanus russelli Bleeker的年龄和生长研究

采用胸鳍覆盖处的体表鳞片为研究勒笛绸年龄的鉴定材料，判断年轮的依据是以环片切割现象为主，结合环片排列的疏密现象。鳞径（Ｒ）与体长（Ｌ）的关系为Ｌ＝１９．８１５９＋６３．３６９６Ｒ。用ＶｏｎＢｅｒｔａｌａｎｆｆｙ生长方程可表达体长、体重与年龄的关系为Ｌ＝４６９．８［１－ｅ－０．２４２５（ｔ＋０．３７６２）］、Ｗｔ＝３３６６．６［１－ｅ－０．２４２　５（ｔ＋０．３７６　２）］３，生长拐点ｔｒ＝４．１５ａ。作为渔业管理对策，勒氏笛鲷捕捞年龄应定在４龄以上，人工养殖年限以２～３龄最好。     

红鳍笛鲷(Lutjanus erythopterus)卵巢发育的组织学研究

本研究通过石蜡切片,苏木精-伊红染色对红鳍笛鲷(Lutjanus erythopterus)卵巢的发育进行了组织学研究,以期了解红鳍笛鲷的繁殖特性,为其人工繁殖和育苗提供参考资料。研究结果表明:红鳍笛鲷卵巢发育到生长成熟的过程,即卵巢从第1期发育到第4期,其生殖细胞可分为Ⅰ时相(卵原细胞),Ⅱ时相、Ⅲ时相、Ⅳ时相卵母细胞,在第2、3、4期卵巢中都发现有退化的卵母细胞形成的闭锁滤泡。4—6月龄卵巢分化完全,卵巢腔形成。卵原细胞从分散排列到成团排列在蓄卵板靠近卵巢腔一侧。8—25月龄的卵巢处于第2期,此时主要是Ⅱ时相的卵母细胞和卵原细胞,还有少数Ⅲ时相的卵母细胞。25月龄卵巢处于第3期,卵母细胞主要为Ⅲ时相和Ⅱ时相,也有少量的Ⅳ时相的卵母细胞,还有卵原细胞。2.5—3龄红鳍笛鲷卵巢可达4期,卵巢内多数为Ⅳ时相卵母细胞和Ⅲ时相卵母细胞,也有一定数量的Ⅱ时相卵母细胞和少数分散分布的卵原细胞。     

Assessment of a shell bank and associated substrates as nursery habitat of postsettlement red snapper

Trawl surveys were conducted in 2000 and 2001 to examine patterns of distribution and abundance of postsettlement red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) on a shell bank, Freeport Rocks Bathymetric High (FRBH), in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. In addition, otolith-based methods were used to determine age, hatch-date, growth and mortality of new recruits associated with FRBH. Date and region were significant factors affecting density of red snapper in 2000. Peak densities of red snapper were observed in July and August, and mean density among habitat types (shell bank, inshore mud, offshore mud) was similar (range: 50–52 ind hectare⁻¹) in 2000. Alternatively, a habitat effect was detected during a limited survey conducted in 2001, with density higher on the shell bank than inshore or offshore mud habitat. Postsettlement red snapper were first detected at approximately 16 mm standard length, and individuals less than 20 mm were present in all habitats. Estimated ages of red snapper ranged from 26 to 121 d, with new settlers (≤20 mm) typically less than 28 d. Predicted hatch dates ranged from early April to mid August with a single peak occurring from late May to early June. Growth rate for the April–May cohort (0.817 mm d⁻¹) was similar to the June–July cohort (0.830 mm d⁻¹). Habitat-specific differences in growth were observed, and rates were highest for individuals from the inshore habitat (0.881 mm d⁻¹). Mortality rates (Z) during the early post-settlement period were approximated using catch curves, and early life mortality of red snapper was 12.1% d⁻¹ (Z=0.129). While the difference in mortality between cohorts was negligible, a habitat-specific difference in mortality was observed. Mortality rate of red snapper inhabiting the inshore mud habitat (Z=0.045, 4.4% d⁻¹) was lower than rates observed for individuals on the shell bank (Z=0.120, 11.9% d⁻¹) or offshore (Z=0.099, 9.3% d⁻¹) habitat. Individuals residing in the inshore habitat had significantly higher growth rates and significantly lower mortality rates, suggesting that recruitment potential was higher for these individuals.     

不同食物对紫红笛鲷幼鱼的生长和氮排泄的影响

以紫红笛鲷Lutjanusargentimaculatus幼鱼为研究对象,进行了摄食水平和食物种类对其生长和氮排泄影响的实验。结果表明,投喂鳗鱼饲料的紫红笛鲷幼鱼的特定生长率(SGR)为4.19%·d-1,投喂斑节对虾Penaeusmonodon肉和蓝圆Decapterusmaruadsi肉组的特定生长率分别为3.83%·d-1和3.90%·d-1;不同食物组的紫红笛鲷幼鱼的氮排泄率存在差异,以投喂鳗鱼饲料组的幼鱼最高,个体氮排泄率为4.080mg·尾-1·d-1,而投喂斑节对虾肉和蓝圆肉组的幼鱼个体氮排泄率分别为3.759和3.869mg·尾-1·d-1,摄取3种食物的紫红笛鲷幼鱼的氮排泄率(NE)和氮摄取率(NI)均为直线关系,直线方程分别为NE1=2.107+0.310NI1,NE2=1.749+0.316NI2,NE3=1.879+0.348NI3。     

红笛鲷CD40和去除信号肽CD40的原核表达

根据红笛鲷(Lutjanus sanguineus)CD40基因cDNA全长序列设计2对特异性引物,利用RT-PCR技术从红笛鲷头肾组织中扩增出CD40 ORF序列和去信号肽序列,分别与原核表达载体pET-32a(+)相连,构建原核重组表达质粒,命名为pET32-CD40和pET32-△CD40,并分别转化至大肠杆菌Rosetta,经IPTG诱导后,分别于54 ku和53 ku处有清晰的目的蛋白条带。融合蛋白的表达效率最佳的表达条件,pET32-CD40是诱导温度37℃,起始D(600nm)为0.4,IPTG浓度为0.08 mmol/L,诱导5 h;pET32-△CD40是诱导温度37℃,起始D(600nm)为0.6,IPTG浓度为0.10 mmol/L,诱导6 h。在各自优化的表达条件下,pET32-△CD40融合蛋白表达量较pET32-CD40融合蛋白高。RNAstructure软件分析发现,CD40的mRNA 5′端序列形成复杂且较为稳定的二级结构,不利于翻译的起始,表明信号肽序列的存在可能对CD40基因在原核细胞中的表达有一定的影响。