勒氏笛鲷(Lutjanus russellii)肌肉生长抑制素基因的克隆与分析

以勒氏笛鲷(Lutjanus russellii)基因组DNA为模板,采用同源克隆的方法,获得2 887 bp的肌肉生长抑制素(myostatin,MSTN)基因组序列,该MSTN序列具有3个外显子和2个内含子,包括101 bp的5′-UTR、385bp的外显子1、354 bp的内含子1、370 bp的外显子2、761 bp的内含子2、381 bp的外显子3和1 932 bp的3′-UTR。整个开放阅读框编码了378个氨基酸,前面的22个氨基酸为信号肽,具有9个保守的半胱氨基酸及一个RVRR的蛋白酶解加工位点。氨基酸序列分析发现,该基因编码的蛋白质与其他鱼类的I型同源性较高,与其他鱼类的2型MSTN同源性较低,且与鲈形目的同源性最高,与鲤形目的同源性较低,与人、鼠和鸡的同源性最低。采用邻接法(Neighbor-Joining)构建的MSTN的系统发育树表明,勒氏笛鲷MSTN与鲈形目鱼类的狼鲈属亲缘关系较近,且与鱼类的MSTN-1聚为1支。这表明该基因属于Ⅰ型MSTN基因。     

Effects of Replacing Fishmeal with Animal By-products Meal Supplementation in Diets on the Growth and Nutrient Utilization of Mangrove Red Snapper

A feeding trial was conducted for 75 d to evaluate the nutritive value of a mixture of animal by-products(MAB) as a possible protein source in diets for juvenile mangrove red snapper,Lutjanus argentimaculatus(mean initial body weight,30 g). Fish were fed one of five isonitrogenous diets(40% crude protein) replacing 0,25%(MAB25),50%(MAB50),75%(MAB75) and 100%(MAB100) of fish meal protein with similar percentages of MAB. The MAB consisted of 25% cow liver meal,20% leather meal,20% meat and bone meal,15% blood meal,10% APC(poultry feather meal),8% poultry manure dried,1.5% choline and 0.5% chromic oxide. After 75 d of feeding,fish fed with diets MAB50,MAB75 and MAB100 exhibited significantly lower growth per-formance than that of fish fed with control and MAB25 diets. The optimum level of MAB was estimated to be 23%. Replacement of fish meal by MAB23% showed the following performance:maximum weight gain,510%;SGR,2.39% and FCE,2.83%. The MAB substitution up to 75% of fish meal protein in diets did not show differences in apparent protein digestibility(83.6% for MAB25,79.2% for MAB50,78.7% for MAB75) compared with control(83.4%),whereas in MAB100 group digestibility(65.3%) was sig-nificantly lower than in other groups. The apparent phosphorus absorption of test diet groups was significantly higher(37.1% for MAB25,28.5% for MAB50,55.6% for MAB75 and 54.5% for MAB100) than that of control(11.2%). The levels of protein and ash in the whole body,carcass and viscera increased as MAB substitution in diets increased,whereas lipids and moisture remained con-sistent among all treatment groups. These results showed that approximately 23% of fish meal protein could be replaced by a mixture of animal by-products for juvenile snapper growing from 30 g to 167 g in 75 d without compromising growth performance and feed efficiency.     

注射氟苯尼考对红笛鲷免疫指标的影响

以0、5、10、20 mg.kg-1的氟苯尼考腹腔注射红笛鲷,研究氟苯尼考在国家规定的使用范围内对红笛鲷血清部分免疫指标的影响。结果显示:5 mg.kg-1组氟苯尼考对所测的各项指标无影响或影响不显著;10 mg.kg-1组中氟苯尼考对红笛鲷血清SOD活力、AKP活力有显著性提高(P<0.05),对溶菌酶的含量、IgM的含量无显著性影响;20 mg.kg-1组中红笛鲷血清碱性磷酸酶AKP、超氧化物歧化酶SOD活力、溶菌酶、抗体IgM均受到显著性抑制(P<0.05),但影响持续时间不同,这表明高浓度氟苯尼考显著抑制红笛鲷各项免疫指标,从而影响到鱼体自身的免疫功能。     

恩诺沙星在红笛鲷体内的药代动力学

在水温26±2℃、盐度28条件下,恩诺沙星(enrofloxacin,EF)按5 mg/kg的剂量腹腔注射和口灌红笛鲷(Lutjanus sanguineus),用反相高效液相色谱法研究恩诺沙星在红笛鲷体内的药代动力学和组织分布。结果显示:注射和口灌后红笛鲷血浆的药时数据均符合一级吸收二室模型;血药达峰时间(tp)分别为0.75和1.5 h,血药质量浓度峰值(cmax)分别为5.22和3.94μg/mL,药时曲线下面积(AUC)分别36.98和17.24 mg/(L.h),消除半衰期(t1/2β)分别为13.28和9.18 h;恩诺沙星在组织中分布较广,注射和灌服给药肌肉、肝脏和肾脏的cmax分别为3.53和3.40μg/g、4.08和3.98μg/g、11.23和5.40μg/g,tp分别为1.5和2.0 h、1.0和2.0 h、0.75和1.5 h,AUC分别33.17和23.12 mg/(L.h)、39.36和18.20 mg/(L.h)、98.97和56.69 mg/(L.h);EF在红笛鲷体内消除速度较慢,注射和灌服给药肌肉、肝脏和肾脏的t1/2β分别为22.08和83.32 h、41.52和94.47 h、20.94和21.81 h。表明恩诺沙星注射给药在红笛鲷体内的吸收和消除均快于口灌给药。     

Moina sp. (cladocera: Daphnidae) in a sewage plant,wellington (note)

An unidentified species of the genus Moina was found in a Pasveer sewage treatment plant at Glensiide, Wellington; it is described and illustrated. A survey of the literature shows that this is probably the first published record of the genus in New Zealand (M. lemnae, previously recorded, has since been tentatively referred to the genus Pseudomoina); sewage ponds in India and South Africa have yielded M. dubia.     

Ingestion of placenta in Hooker's Sea Lion (note)

The partial ingestion of the placenta by a newly parturient Hooker's sea lion, Phocarctos hookeri (Gray, 1844) (Pinnipedia: Otariidae), was seen on Enderby Island, Auckland Islands, in December 1972. This atypical behaviour may have resulted from the misdirection towards the placenta of pup protection activity.     

红鳍笛鲷(Lutjanus erythopterus)胚胎发育的形态学研究

通过显微直接观察法对红鳍笛鲷胚胎发生的形态学进行了研究,以期为红鳍笛鲷人工繁殖、育苗提供参考资料。红鳍笛鲷胚胎的形态发生过程可分为受精卵、卵裂、囊胚、原肠胚、神经胚、器官形成等6个阶段,24个时期。红鳍笛鲷受精卵为浮性卵,透明而呈圆球形,内有一大油球,在水温28℃、海水盐度32.2的条件下,受精后15 min原生质隆起形成胚盘;受精后30 min进行第1次卵裂,为盘状卵裂;受精后3 h,胚胎进入高囊胚期;受精后6 h 27 min,胚胎发育至原肠期;受精后9 h 36 min形成神经板,继而神经板前端分化出前脑泡、中脑泡和后脑泡;脑泡分化后,视囊、听囊、晶状体等相继形成;受精后15 h 32 min尾芽形成;受精后约20 h,仔鱼出膜。其发育过程与黄鲷、金头鲷、点带石斑等其他海水鱼相似。     

4种笛鲷的线粒体DNA多样性分析

取红鳍笛鲷(Lutjanus erythopterusBloch)、紫红笛鲷(Lutjanus argentimaculatusFor-skal)、勒氏笛鲷(Lutjanus russelliBleeker)和约氏笛鲷(Lutjanus johniBloch)肝脏组织,分离纯化其线粒体DNA,用限制性内切酶酶切进行了限制性片段长度多态性分析。在红鳍笛鲷共发现4种单倍型,单倍型间的平均遗传距离为0.010 1,其mtDNA多态度为0.002 9。在紫红笛鲷共发现6种单倍型,单倍型间的平均遗传距离为0.015 1,其mtDNA多态度为0.005 5。在勒氏笛鲷共发现3种单倍型,单倍型间的平均遗传距离为0.008 6,其mtDNA多态度为0.001 2。在约氏笛鲷共发现5种单倍型,单倍型间的平均遗传距离为0.008 3,其mtDNA多态度为0.002 0。     

红笛鲷弧菌病血清流行病学研究方法的建立

以红笛鲷Lutjanus sanguineus弧菌病的主要病原菌——溶藻弧菌Vibrio alginolyticus为抗原制备兔抗血清,以辣根过氧化酶标记的羊抗兔血清为酶标二抗,建立了酶联免疫吸附试验检测技术。通过棋盘滴定法测定,得出溶藻弧菌菌悬液的最佳工作浓度为5×108mL-1,兔抗溶藻弧菌血清的最佳稀释度为1∶16000,酶标羊抗兔抗体的最佳稀释度为1∶2000。应用本实验建立的间接双抗体夹心法对红笛鲷进行现场检测,患病红笛鲷特异性抗体的检出率为70%,外观健康红笛鲷的检出率为20%。结果表明,本实验所建立的酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测法可以用于红笛鲷弧菌病的血清流行病学研究,而且可以检测出隐性感染状态下的红笛鲷。     

Early scale growth characteristics of the New Zealand snapper,chrysophrys auratus (Forster), with reference to selection of a scale‐sampling site

Scales from 17 body areas of juvenile snapper, Chrysophyrs auratus (Forster), were examined to determine scale growth characteristics, with the aim of denning the most suitable body site for routine scale‐sampling. Least‐square regressions of fish length on scale measurement from 0+ fish were calculated for several body areas, and back‐calculations were made to fish length at first annulus (L₁) from a sample of 1+ fish, using both the “uncorrected” and “corrected” formulae.

The overall fish/scale relationship is curvilinear, but high correlation coefficients show that fish/scale regressions from 0+ snapper may be taken as essentially linear. Such regressions give hypothetical fish lengths at scale formation of 8–23 mm. Mid‐body scales form at 10–14 mm, caudal scales earlier, head scales later.

Back‐calculated L₁ values from each area were compared with the mean for the whole body. Using the uncorrected formula there is a general trend for them to be lower than the mean at the head and higher at the tail, while the mid‐body region shows minimum variation from the mean. These variations are caused at least partly by differences in time of scale formation. The corrected formula gives smaller L₁ variations and a mean back‐calculated L₁almost identical to an observed L₁ from independent length frequency data.

The observed variations in scale structure and growth suggest that the “pectoral area”, bounded by the lateral line and the ventral edge of the pectoral fin, is the most suitable site for scale sampling.