Osmium isotope geochemistry in the Mackenzie River basin

The Cenozoic marine osmium isotope record is largely driven by changes in the continental input. We aid its interpretation by supplying direct measurements of present day riverine Os in known geological and environmental settings. We analyzed Os concentrations and isotopic ratios in the dissolved, suspended, and bed materials of the Mackenzie River in Canada and smaller rivers draining the Western Cordillera into the Pacific Ocean. Rhenium content was measured for suspended and bed materials to provide further constraint. Dissolved ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios range from 0.74 to 4.5 and are controlled to first order by age and lithology of the bedrock. The rivers draining Jurassic volcanic rocks are unradiogenic, as low as 0.74, and those draining the Precambrian Canadian Shield are radiogenic, as high as 3.5. The headwaters of the Mackenzie left bank tributaries draining metamorphic carbonates in the Eastern Cordillera and Paleozoic black and gray shales in the Transition zone and the Interior Platform are especially radiogenic (3.0-4.5) with relatively high concentrations of Os. These latter rivers are responsible for the Mackenzie being above world average in Os concentration and yield (mol Os/km²/year) as well as in ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os. The dissolved load is more radiogenic than the suspended or bed loads and constitutes a significant fraction of total fluvial Os.     

前前陆盆地层系砂岩成岩环境特征及其孔隙演化——以鄂尔多斯盆地西缘二叠系为例

鄂尔多斯西缘二叠系为前前陆盆地层系，砂岩成岩作用仍受前陆盆地构造的影响，不同构造分区砂岩储层的成岩环境存在一定的差别。研究发现，西缘逆冲带砂体经历了浅埋藏弱压实和溶蚀作用，储集物性最优；斜坡带砂岩储层不仅残留少量粒间孔隙，而且溶蚀作用形成的次生孔隙对储集空间的改善十分明显；压实压溶作用和胶结充填作用严重损害前渊带砂岩原生孔隙，但后期的凝灰质溶蚀蚀变作用对储层性能有一定的改善，仍不失为天然气的有效储层。     

阻滑桩加固土坡稳定性分析的上限解法

从极限分析机动学方法出发,利用土的抗剪强度折减系数概念,建立了土坡的极限平衡状态方程,由此确定土坡的临界稳定安全系数及其相应的潜在破坏模式.对于典型问题,通过与现有极限平衡解和有限元数值解的对比分析,验证了这种上限解法的合理性.进而对于在给定的荷载条件下不能满足抗滑稳定性要求的土坡,考虑采用阻滑桩加固方式,根据桩侧有效土压力的合理分布模式确定桩体与滑动面相交的截面上等效抗滑力和抗滑力矩,利用极限分析上限定理建立了阻滑桩加固土坡的极限平衡状态方程,将桩侧土压力作为目标函数,运用数学规划方法确定了极限平衡状态时的临界桩侧土压力,以此为土坡加固中阻滑桩设计提供依据.通过数值计算与分析探讨了阻滑桩加固位置的优化布置等问题.     

第13届世界地震工程大会概述

介绍了第13届世界地震工程大会的概况。内容涉及大会报告和6个专题(工程地震、岩土地震工程、结构工程、生命线工程、综合减灾与社会经济问题以及近期地震的经验教训与地震工程实践)。作者还对目前国际范围内的地震工程最新进展及其发展趋势作以论述。最后，根据对本届世界地震工程大会的认识，作者对如何办好由中国地震局主办2008年在我国北京举行的第14届世界地震工程大会谈了一些初步的看法。笔者愿以此文使国内同行对本届大会有一个概略的了解。     

The Deformation of Active Tectonic Blocks on the Chinese Mainland and Its Relationship with Seismic Activity

Based on the hypothesis of the active tectonic blocks on the Chinese continent and its adjacent regions (both the method of the DDA on a spherical surface and the GPS survey results observed from 1991 to 2001 are used), the movements and deformations of each active tectonicblock are calculated. The calculation results show that although the movements and deformations of active tectonic-blocks in the eastern region and in the western region of China are different, active tectonic blocks in the same active tectonic block region are coherent.Then, the relative velocities of the active tectonic-blocks‘ boundary zones are calculated, and the relationship between current crustal motion and strong seismic activities is discussed. Earthquakes (Ms≥7.0) on the Chinese continent since 1988 all occurred on boundary zones of active tectonic blocks with high slipping speed.     

彩色图像的输入指标对层次再现的影响

层次和细微层次是评价图像复制质量的重要指标。对两种常用平台式扫描仪的输入指标进行检测,通过分析和对比实验,研究了各指标的作用规律,并分析其对图像层次和细微层次的影响,对不同类型的彩色原稿的扫描指数的设置都具有一定的指导意义。     

Quantifying the effect of a freeze–thaw cycle on soil erosion: laboratory experiments

In this paper we quantitatively test the hypothesis that soil freeze–thaw (FT) processes significantly increase the potential for upland hillslope erosion during run‐off events that follow thaw. We selected a highly frost‐susceptible silt to obtain an upper bound on FT effects, and completed three series of six experiments each to quantify differences in soil erosion and rill development in a bare soil following a single FT cycle. Each series represented a specific soil moisture range: 16–18 per cent, 27–30 per cent and 37–40 per cent by volume, with nominal flow rates of 0·4, 1·2 and 2·4 L/min and slopes of 8° and 15°. Each experiment used two identical soil bins: one a control (C) that remained unfrozen, and another that was frozen and thawed once. Standard soil characterization tests did not detect significant differences between the FT and C bins. We measured cross‐sectional geometry of an imposed straight rectangular rill before each experiment, sediment load during and rill cross‐sections after. Changes in cross section provided detailed measures of erosion at specific locations, while sediment load from time series run‐off samples integrated the rill erosion. Several parameters, including average maximum rill width, average maximum rill depth, rill cross‐section depth measures and sediment load, all followed similar trends. Each was greater in the FT than in the C, with values that generally increased with slope and flow. However, soil moisture was the only parameter that affected the FT/C ratios. Average sediment load grouped by soil moisture provided FT/C ratios of 2·4, 3·0 and 5·0 for low, mid and high moisture, respectively. In contrast, a ‘dry’ experiment at 4–5 per cent soil moisture had FT/C of 1·02 for sediment load. These results show a dramatic increase with soil moisture in the rate and quantity of bare soil eroded due to the FT cycle. As both FT and C results were highly sensitive to initial conditions, minimum differences in soil weight, bulk density and soil moisture through each series of experiments were required to achieve consistent results, indicating that rill erosion may be chaotic. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

古湖相碳酸盐沉积和化石贝壳的87Sr/86Sr及其意义

位于极端干旱区的额济纳盆地，是我国内陆地区代表性的盆地之一。这里不仅具有典型的大陆性气候、脆弱的生态系统，而且在平缓的戈壁滩下面，沉积有厚达200-400余米的古湖相地层。盆地东南与最高达近500m沙丘的巴丹吉林沙漠比邻，构成了特征性的盆地-沙漠系统，是世界少有的自然景观，也是目前研究热点之一。 考察研究工作揭示，巴丹吉林沙漠在蹑今30000a左右存在一湿润时期（Wunnemann等，1998；杨小平，2002；杨小平等，2003），并与临区腾格里沙漠相应时期发育的大湖期可以对比（Zhang等，2002，2004）。 新近的考察工作发现，在盆地东南部古日乃与巴丹吉林沙漠过渡区，存在有多级古沙丘被水夷平的、高度不等的平台，在这些平台之上，保存有水体快速蒸发环境条件下沙粒物质被钙质胶结的坚硬、类似砂岩的顶盖，其高度在大范围内可以对比，同时伴有湖相碳酸盐沉积、根管等。这些地貌、沉积与盆地北部沙砾石层中大量出现的贝壳化石和湖相地层，构成了古湖泊存在的地质证据。 14C测年结果表明，分布于第二级平台上的碳酸盐结核其形成年代为距今25000a前（25630±270a、25530±230a、25640±220a，半衰期5568a，下同），掰鳃类贝壳化石的年代为距今28000a(28530±430a、28630±320a、28780±340a、28560±280a)。 对这两组样品进行87Sr/86Sr分析结果表明（表1），碳酸盐沉积的87Sr/86Sr比值变化较为显著而贝壳化石的87Sr/86Sr比值变化相对较小，且贝壳化石的87Sr/86Sr比值的平均值小于碳酸盐沉积的87Sr/86Sr比值。 由于贝壳化石和碳酸盐沉积的87Sr/86Sr比值在一定意义上代表了古湖水的锶同位素比值，而87Sr/86Sr比值又与湖泊水体盐度相关（刘秀明等，2000），因此可以推测，贝壳化石所代表的古湖泊发育时期的水体较碳酸盐结核形成时期的盐度要低，也就是说古湖泊发育早期的为淡水，后期水体盐度有所增高。这是与贝壳化石本身代表的淡水种属相一致。由于后期湖泊水拉的快速下降和水体的快速蒸发，使得碳酸盐结核沉积的87Sr/86Sr比值增高，而这种古湖泊水位的快速下降和结核的形成是直接与气候变化相关联的。反映了该时期额济纳盆地古湖泊高湖面的存在和气候快速变化的历史。     

建设一流山地研究所的战略构想——写在成都山地所成立40周年之际

成都山地所走过了40年的发展历程，现在已经成为在山地灾害防治和山地环境保护方面的国家级研究机构。进入21世纪以来，山地所面临新的发展机遇和挑战，即如何更好地满足国家重大战略需求，更准确地把握世界科技前沿，不断地推动一流山地研究所的建设。其核心与关键就是要造就一支高水平的科研队伍，持续提升全所的创新能力，不断为山区可持续发展做出基础性、战略性和前瞻性科技贡献。本文是基于知识创新工程三期学科发展规划主要框架而成，提出了研究所学科发展的目标及基本举措。