软基深埋涵洞土压力和沉降的三维有限元分析

通过软基坝下深埋涵洞的三维有限元计算,对涵洞的土压力及沉降问题进行了分析研究。研究结果表明： （1）在洞顶采用减荷措施时,洞顶竖向土压力明显减小,减荷效果比较显著;而对洞体的最大不均匀沉降率基本没有影响,涵洞周边土压力的分布特征与无减荷时也是相同的。（2）洞基处理深度变化对洞体附近的应力有影响,且随处理深度的增大,洞顶竖向土压力和洞侧面水平土压力分别有缓慢增大和缓慢减少的趋势。（3）洞底沉降随处理深度的增大而有微弱的减小,但不均匀沉降均小于0.5 %,且从总体上看,其量值对工程的影响并无本质的差异,对洞基不进行处理时,洞基的不均匀沉降少许的增大不会对涵洞造成危害。     

中国煤中的氟

氟是煤中所含微量元素中丰度较高的少数几种元素之一。对我国581个煤样分析数据的统计表明,多数样品氟含量处于20～300mg/kg,平均40mg/kg,个别超过1000mg/kg。氟在煤中赋存状态有:①独立的氟矿物;②以类质同象存在于矿物晶格内;③被矿物吸附;④以F-离子形式溶于水中。在煤中所含微量元素中,氟是对植物、动物和人体健康的影响面最大的元素。     

湘西北下寒武统黑色页岩伴生元素研究新进展

湖南大庸慈利的镍钼多金属矿床是湘西北下寒武统黑色页岩中伴生元素镍钼及铂族元素等富集最好地段。该矿床中的硅岩应属典型的喷气岩；特殊的筒状富矿体，以及Ｎｉ、Ｍｏ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｓｅ、Ａｓ、Ｂａ、Ａｕ、Ａｇ、Ｐｔ族元素特殊组合；矿石中金属硫化物呈胶状产出，显示快速堆积特征。     

活性炭法测定室内外环境中氡的吸附饱和性实验

介绍了一套实验装置,可通过该装置了解吸附了氡气的活性炭的放射性计数与活性炭所在环境的氡浓度的关系.活性炭中氡或其衰变子体放出的γ射线的总计数与氡浓度成线性关系;γ射线的总计数经过校正后,可以换算成活性炭所在环境的氡浓度.     

长江口岸带冲淤及后备土地资源的沉降效应——以上海崇明东滩为例

长江口入海泥沙的淤积是上海后备土地资源的重要来源，分析岸带冲淤的演变．有助于对岸带经济圈特别是围垦促淤地区因经济工程活动引发的地面沉降问题的剖析。本文以上海崇明东滩为例，分析30年来的冲淤变化及未来趋势，并据此对新近沉积土的地面沉降效应作简要阐述。     

季节冻土区黑土耕层土壤冻融过程及水分变化

利用黑龙江省水利科学研究院水利试验研究中心综合实验观测场2011年11月-2012年4月整个冻结融化期的实测野外黑土耕层土壤温度和水分数据, 对中-深季节冻土区黑土耕层土壤冻融过程中冻结和融化特征分阴、阳坡进行了分析, 研究了冻融过程中不同深度土壤水分的变化情况, 并探讨了降水对不同深度耕层土壤含水量变化的影响. 结果表明:黑土耕层土壤冻结融化过程分为5个阶段, 历时164 d, 约5.5个月. 阶段I, 秋末冬初黑土耕层土壤开始步入冻结期; 阶段II, 黑土耕层土壤整日处于冻结状态, 阴坡比同样深度的阳坡土壤温度低; 阶段III为黑土耕层土壤稳定冻结期; 阶段IV, 黑土耕层土壤步入昼融夜冻的日循环交替状态, 冻融循环的土层逐渐向深部发展, 阳坡比阴坡融化得更深、更早, 阴坡比阳坡经历冻融循环次数更多; 阶段V为稳定融化期, 在融化过程不存在冻融交替的现象, 直到整个冻层内的土壤全部消融. 各深度位置阴坡土壤温度的最高值出现时间比阳坡晚约0.5 h. 经过整个冻结融化期后, 阴、阳坡各层土壤含水量均大于冻结前, 阴坡土壤含水量比阳坡整体偏低. 在整个冻结融化期, 阳坡地下1 cm、5 cm、10 cm 及15 cm处含水量最大值出现在地下5 cm; 阴坡的含水量整体趋于平稳且在融化期受降水影响明显.     

Science and Technology of Delimitation of Continental Shelf and Its Application in Maritime Silk Road Cooperation*

Delimitation of the continental shelf is an emerging interdisciplinary discipline in the field of international marine science and technology. It uses the scientific and technological means to expand the jurisdiction of coastal states based on the international rules of the 《United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea》. Therefore, it is related to the marine sovereignty rights and interests of a country and also a hot topic of science and technology that all countries have competed to develop. China has launched the research in this field simultaneously with the world's maritime powers, and formed its innovative advantages in such aspects as geological models, detection techniques and delimitation systems in the delimitation of continental shelf, which have become the brand new ties for China's cooperation with foreign countries in marine science and technology, and also the important field in the maritime silk road cooperation in the 21^st century. This paper introduced the basic principles and methods in the delimitation of continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles (370 km), progress in the delimitation of the global continental shelf, and China's innovative science and technology as well as its application in maritime Silk Road cooperation, and provided the prospect of the future scientific and technological cooperation with foreign countries and development in this filed. And it was suggested China should develop the scientific and technological cooperation on the delimitation of the continental shelf along the Silk Road, promote the scientific and technological development of the delimitation of the continental shelf in China, and enhance China's influence and voice in international ocean affairs.     

新疆伊吾阿勒吞昆多蛇绿混杂岩特征

前人将唐巴勒-卡拉麦里缝合线置于伊吾县以南哈尔里克山塔水河一线。1993年巴瑞士等在伊吾西北大黑山发现超镁铁岩-镁铁岩洋壳残片,认为卡拉麦里蛇绿岩从伊吾西北大黑山一带向东延伸。2009年笔者参与伊吾县阿尔通盖一带1∶5万区域地质矿产调查工作,于伊吾县以北阿勒吞昆多一带发现阿勒吞昆多蛇绿混杂岩,该蛇绿岩中斜长花岗岩形成于早石炭世((351±6)Ma),大地构造为哈萨克斯坦-准噶尔板块及准噶尔微板块、唐巴勒-卡拉麦里古生代沟弧体系。在研究前人资料基础上,提出阿勒吞昆多蛇绿混杂岩为卡拉麦里蛇绿岩(属唐巴勒-卡拉麦里缝合线)向东延伸部分,唐巴勒-卡拉麦里缝合线(沟弧体系)西起唐巴勒,向东经达拉布特-卡拉麦里-塔克扎勒-大黑山至伊吾县阿勒吞昆多一带,可能延伸至蒙古境内。     

The New Meteorite Fall of Yanzhuang—A Severely Shocked H6 Chondrite with Black Molten Materials

At 21:45 hr (Beijing time) on Oct. 31, 1990 the Yanzhuang meteorite hit the ground at the Yanzhuang village, Wenyuan County, Guangdong Province. Several fragments, totalling 3.5 kg, were recovered during the field survey. This meteorite is a rare one of its kind due to its heavily shocked features and thick veins made up of black molten materials. Olivine and low-calcium pyroxene are compositionally homogeneous with Fa=18.59, Fs=16.35 and Wo=1.29. The chemical composition (total Fe=28.0%) and recrystallized texture of the chondritic mass show that the Yanzhuang is an H6 chondrite. The black molten materials occur in the form of blocks (up to 2×3×4 cm in size) and veins (0.1–15 mm in width), and contain a lot of rounded and elliptic FeNi-FeS blobs (up to 6–10 mm in length). The metal in these blobs exhibits distinct dendritic structure characteristic of rapid cooling. Unmolten and molten samples are very similar in chemical composition, fitting well with the average H-chondrites. Partial melting and FeNi/FeS-silicate separation have not been observed in the molten materials of the Yanzhuang. This project was financially supported by the Science Foundation of Guangdong Province.     

基于MODIS数据的北疆积雪黑碳和雪粒径反演及时空变化分析

积雪是地球上反射率较高的自然表面,对于中高纬度地区的水文和能量收支平衡发挥着重要作用。表层积雪中的黑碳和雪粒径变化可以显著影响积雪反照率,造成积雪对太阳辐射吸收的变化,进而对区域气候变化和水文循环产生反馈作用。利用遥感技术对季节性积雪表层黑碳和雪粒径进行定量评估,可以获取时空上连续系统的雪表黑碳浓度和雪粒径变化情况,这也是许多气候和水文模型的输入因子。以中国主要季节性积雪区北疆为研究区,基于MODIS（Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer）数据的3（0.47 μm）、2（0.86 μm）和5（1.24 μm）波段,采用SGSP（Snow Grain Size and Pollution Amount）算法反演2000-2018年积雪期的雪表黑碳浓度和雪粒径,并结合地面观测数据对于反演结果进行了精度验证,综合分析北疆雪表黑碳浓度和雪粒径时空变化趋势。结果显示,SGSP算法能够同时反演雪表黑碳浓度和雪粒径,并且验证结果表明纯雪像元上反演结果具有较好的精度;2000-2018年北疆雪表年均黑碳浓度和年均雪粒径都随时间变化呈现微弱下降趋势;受地理位置和局部污染源的影响,北疆积雪黑碳浓度空间分布复杂,天山北坡经济带平均黑碳浓度最高,伊犁地区平均黑碳浓度最低,雪粒径的空间分布显示塔城地区平均雪粒径最大,伊犁地区最小。