水体内藻类的生物地球化学

藻类对水体内生命元素的转化及其分布、迁移的影响．是目前水体内藻类生物地球化学研究的重点内容。藻通过光合作用和生物矿化，控制着C、N、Si、P、S、Ca等元素在水体内的循环；驱动着C和S在水体和大气之间的交换，进而影响大气中的C和S。藻生物积累及其对环境变化的及时反馈，使藻类成为地球化学环境变化的生物指示物。本文对水体内藻类的生物地球化学进行了综述。     

Characterization of the Microbial Dolomite of the Upper Sinian Dengying Formation in the Hanyuan Area of Sichuan Province, China

The algal dolostone of the Upper Sinian Dengying Formation (corresponding to the Ediacaran system) in the Upper Yangtze Platform of China possesses a rich diversity of microorganisms and is an ideal site for the study of ancient microbial dolomite. We focused on algal dolostone and its microbial dolomite in the Hanyuan area of Sichuan Province, China. The macroscopic petrological features, microscopic morphology, texture characteristics of the fossil microorganisms and microbial dolomite, and geochemical characteristics were investigated. We found rich fossil microorganisms and microbial dolomites in the laminated, stromatolithic, uniform and clotted (algal) dolostones. The microorganisms present were mainly body fossils of cyanobacteria (including Renalcis, Girvanella, Nanococcus, and Epiphyton) and their trace fossils (including microbial mats (biofilms), algal traces, and spots). In addition, there was evidence of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), moderately halophilic aerobic bacteria, and red algae. The microbial dolomites presented cryptocrystalline textures under polarizing microscope and nanometer-sized granular (including spherulitic and pene-cubical granular) and (sub) micron-sized sheet-like, irregular, spherical and ovoidal morphologies under scanning electron microscope (SEM). The microbial dolomites were formed by microbially induced mineralization in the intertidal zone and lagoon environments during the depositional and syngenetic stages and microbially influenced mineralization in the supratidal zone environment during the penecontemporaneous stage. The microbial metabolic activities and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) determined the morphology and element composition of microbial dolomite. During the depositional and syngenetic stages, the metabolic activities of cyanobacteria and SRB were active and EPS, biofilms and microbial mats were well-developed. EPS provided a large number of nucleation sites. Accordingly, many nanometer-sized pene-cubical granular and (sub) micron-sized sheet-like microbial dolomites were formed. During the penecontemporaneous stage, SBR, cyanobacteria, and moderately halophilic aerobic bacteria were inactive. Furthermore, nucleation sites reduced significantly and were derived from both the EPS of surviving microorganisms and un-hydrolyzed EPS from dead microorganisms. Consequently the microbial dolomites present nanometer-sized spherulitic and micron-sized irregular, spherical, and ovoidal morphologies. Overall, the microbial dolomites evolved from nanometer-sized granular (including spherulitic and pene-cubical granular) dolomites to (sub) micron-sized sheet-like, irregular, spherical and ovoidal dolomites, and then to macroscopic laminated, stromatolithic, uniform, and clotted dolostones. These findings reveal the correlation between morphological evolution of microbial dolomite and microbial activities showing the complexity and diversity of mineral (dolomite)-microbe interactions, and providing new insight into microbial biomineralization and microbial dolomite in the Precambrian era.     

淡水珍珠中球文石的XRD谱

球文石是CaCO3的同质多象变体，在自然界中很少出现。对不同质量淡水珍珠进行XRD物相分析，结果表明不同颜色的优质淡水珍珠中几乎全部由文石组成，方解石不发育；劣质淡水珍珠中主要含有文石、球文石；在劣质的淡水无光珠发现有球文石，可能与这些珍珠混有较多的有机物有关，文中例举了含球文石与不含球文石的淡水珍珠XRD谱。     

油页岩中生物及有机质与金属元素富集的关系及机理探讨

松辽盆地白垩系油页岩中的Ｍｎ、Ｃａ、Ｂａ、Ｓｒ、Ｐ、Ｎａ、Ｚｎ、Ｔｈ等元素含量高于国际标样（ＳＤＯ－１）２～１００倍，呈明显富集趋势。有机质（干酪根）中Ｚｎ、Ｂａ、Ｃｕ、Ｍｏ、Ｐｂ、Ｎｉ、Ｙ、Ｃｏ、Ｍｇ、Ｂ等元素含量高于其页岩平均含量１．５～２００倍，说明有机质相是它们的＂富集相＂。油页岩物相分析显示，只有Ｚｎ和Ｂａ等少数元素是以有机质相为＂载体相＂（即有机相中所含元素的量占岩石中该元素总含量的５０％以上）。据上述研究作者认为，油页岩中生物有机质对多种金属元素都具有显著富集作用；但只有当有机质相既是金属元素的＂富集相＂同时又是该元素的＂载体相＂时，生物有机质对它的矿化作用才具有实际意义。     

浙江舟山海岸带古木埋藏区铁的微生物成矿作用

以浙江舟山海岸带铁矿石为研究对象, 通过对铁矿石及其周围环境背景样品的形态学显微观察、矿物学及地球化学分析, 结果显示渗漏水沉淀铁泥中存在大量形貌与Leptothrix ochracea和Gallionella ferruginea中性铁氧化菌极为相似的微生物鞘, 该微生物可促进Fe2+的氧化和Fe3+的快速沉淀, 并且细胞最终被完全矿化后将永久保存起来.与此相对应的是: 在铁矿石内部存在大量的似球形和丝杆状的针铁矿, 并且还保留了死亡的铁细菌外鞘, 这些特征揭示该铁矿石与微生物历史活动密切相关.将现代渗漏水铁泥中铁细菌的矿化作用和铁矿石中保留的微生物活动记录相对比, 为该环境下的铁矿石生物成矿作用及其成因机制提供了良好的佐证.铁矿石的形成与古木堆积密切相关, 古木埋藏腐烂过程产生的腐植酸加剧了基岩及其周围土壤中的铁淋滤进入到潮间带, 从而为铁矿石形成提供充足的铁来源.该研究有助于更好理解和认识地史时期腐植质及微生物在铁矿床形成中的作用.      

生命活动中矿化作用的环境响应机制研究

生物矿化作用及其环境响应机制的研究,关键在于研究生命活动制约矿物形成、分解的机理及其环境响应机制,其内容主要包括生物矿化作用的机理、生物矿化作用的环境效应、生物矿化作用的调控理论和方法。可实现的研究目标是从多学科角度发展生物矿化作用的理论,阐明自然界中矿物－生物－重金属/POPs －水之间的相互作用机理与环境响应机制。有望揭示微生物控制重金属矿化的微观机制,提出微生物治理重金属污染原理;揭示半导体矿物－微生物协同作用降解POPs 机制,发展三元体系研究方法;揭示微生物促进多金属矿山硫化物分解机制,提出微生物分解矿物对生态环境影响的调控方法等。以促进地质生物学前沿交叉学科发展,形成未来环境污染防治重大新技术的科学基础。     

红珊瑚的结构特征研究进展

红珊瑚是重要的有机宝石之一。近年来,一些学者采用微区测试技术从结晶学、生物学、宝石学的角度对红珊瑚（C.rubrum）、瘦长红珊瑚（C.elatius）等品种的微结构特征进行了测试与研究。初步分析与总结了红珊瑚的表面显微结构特征与内部超微结构特征,不同品种的红珊瑚其结构特征存在差异;红珊瑚中的有机质网脉显示其形貌是方解石与有机组织互相协调的结果;最后,认为目前的研究应向种间结构特征差异、环境学、有机基质调控生物矿化等方向逐步完善。