乐清湾大型底栖动物群落及其与环境因子之间的关系

为了解和掌握乐清湾大型底栖动物群落及其与环境因子的相关性,于2015年1月、3月、5月、8月和10月开展了5个航次的大型底栖动物和环境因子的调查。结果表明,1月、3月和5月3个月份的群落结构和空间分布均较为接近,优势群落的主要特征种为薄云母蛤和不倒翁虫;8月和10月的优势群落不明显,主要群落特征种有不倒翁虫、双形拟单指虫、寡鳃齿吻沙蚕、小头虫、中蚓虫属一种等。丰度/生物量曲线(ABC曲线)分析表明5月的群落结构较稳定,1月、3月、8月和10月均处于不同程度的扰动状态,其中8月的受扰动程度最大。BVSTEP分析表明亚硝酸盐是乐清湾大型底栖动物群落各月份差异的主要环境驱动因子,盐度和氨氮分别是影响乐清湾3月和5月大型底栖动物群落结构的主要环境因子。典范对应分析(CCA)表明水温对乐清湾大型底栖群落特征种时空分布影响最大,其次是盐度、溶解氧、含氮营养盐和pH等。通过CCA排序图发现大部分群落特征种分布在含氮营养盐较低的水域,表明高浓度的含氮营养盐已经对乐清湾的大型底栖动物产生了负面影响。     

Modeling and mapping aboveground biomass of the restored mangroves using ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 in East Kalimantan,Indonesia

Accurate estimation of forest aboveground biomass (AGB) using remote sensing is a requisite for monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system of the United Nations Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation. However, attaining high accuracy remains a great challenge in the diverse tropical forests. Among available technologies, l-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) estimates AGB with reasonably high accuracy in the terrestrial tropical forests. Nevertheless, the accuracy is relatively low in the mangrove forests. In this context, the study was carried out to model and map AGB using backscatter coefficients of Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2 (ALOS-2) Phased Array l-band SAR-2 (PALSAR-2) in part of the restored mangrove forest at Mahakam Delta, Indonesia. PALSAR-2 data was acquired with image scene observation during the peak low tide on 30 July 2018 from Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. The forest parameters namely tree height and diameter at breast height were measured from 71 field plots in September-October 2018. The parameters were used in mangrove allometry to calculate the field AGB. Finally, HV polarized backscatter coefficients of PALSAR-2 were used to model AGB using linear regression. The model demonstrated a comparatively high performance using three distinct methods viz. independent validation (R² of 0.89 and RMSE of 23.16 tons ha⁻¹), random k-fold cross validation (R² of 0.89 and RMSE of 24.59 tons ha⁻¹) and leave location out cross validation (LLO CV) (R² of 0.88 and RMSE of 24.05 tons ha⁻¹). The high accuracy of the LLO CV indicates no spatial overfitting in the model. Thus, the model based on LLO CV was used to map AGB in the study area. This is the first study that successfully obtains high accuracy in modeling AGB in the mangrove forest. Therefore, it offers a significant contribution to the MRV mechanism for monitoring mangrove forests in the tropics and sub-tropics.     

基于 FAREAST 模型的青海云杉中-幼龄林生物量 碳沿海拔梯度分布特征

为预测未来青海云杉在不同海拔梯度上的分布范围,基于 FAREAST 模型,对祁连山西部、 中部和东部 3 个站点的青海云衫（Picea crassifolia）中-幼龄林（0～60 a）生物量碳的海拔分布特征进 行模拟。结果表明：（1）在同一站点,青海云杉幼苗幼树生物量碳在中间海拔分布最多,集中在海 拔 2 800～3 100 m 之间,此范围以外,生物量碳随之减少。（2）不同站点比较,青海云杉幼苗幼树平 均生物量碳在祁连山中部最高,达到 27.48 ± 5.51 t·C·hm-2,其次为东部的 24.56 ± 3.50 t·C·hm-2 和 西部的 23.80 ± 2.07 t·C·hm-2。（3）青海云杉幼苗幼树分布的海拔范围约在 2 500～3 400 m 之间,但 不同站点间存在差异。模拟得出,祁连山区青海云杉幼苗幼树生物量碳分布存在最佳海拔区间 2 800～3 100 m,高于或低于该区间时,青海云杉的生长和更新过程将会受到限制。祁连山中部青 海云杉幼苗幼树生物量碳高于东部和西部,表明中部是青海云杉生长和潜在分布的最佳区域,导 致东、西部区域更新较差的原因可能是由于东部受人类活动的影响更加频繁,而西部山区则可能 更易受干旱胁迫的影响。     

民勤绿洲青土湖植被优势种地上生物量估算

青土湖区域属于绿洲—荒漠过渡带,生态系统脆弱,极易发展为荒漠。梭梭、白刺和芦苇为青土湖区域的植被优势种,对其生态系统稳定与健康发展起着关键作用。以青土湖区域梭梭、白刺和芦苇为研究对象,利用空间分辨率为0.5 m的高分辨率遥感影像Worldview-2,采用辅以纹理特征的面向对象分类方法,提取梭梭和白刺的冠幅面积以及芦苇的分布面积;根据野外试验数据,建立梭梭和白刺地上生物量与冠幅面积、芦苇地上生物量与分布面积关系模型。利用关系模型、冠幅面积以及分布面积对青土湖区域植被优势种地上生物量进行了估算,实现了植被优势种地上生物量估算由“点”到“面”的转换。结果表明：（1） 采取辅以纹理特征的面向对象分类方法取得了较高的分类精度,总体Kappa系数为87.9%,总体精度达到91.3%。（2） 研究区植被优势种地上生物量总量为3.17×10³ t,其中梭梭地上生物量为0.54×10³ t,白刺地上生物量为0.90×10³ t,芦苇地上生物量为1.73×10³ t,地上生物量芦苇>白刺>梭梭。该研究可以为深入研究青土湖区域生态恢复与碳储量提供参考。     

Impact of shorebird predation on intertidal macroinvertebrates in a key North African Atlantic wintering site: an experimental approach

Shorebirds, as migratory aquatic birds and top predators in intertidal ecosystems, can be affected by global environmental changes and escalations in local impacts on coastal lagoons and estuarine trophic networks. Many shorebirds winter in North African Atlantic coastal sites, most likely because these locations provide constant and reliable food supplies with less energy costs in comparison with the wintering sites of northern Europe. Although more information is available for other important southern coastal sites (e.g. Saharan Atlantic coastal desert and Guinean mangroves coast), very little information is available for the North African Atlantic coast. Here, we focus on the impact of shorebird predation on benthic macroinvertebrates in a major wintering site in this area—Sidi Moussa coastal lagoon, Morocco—using an exclosure experiment. For most of the macroinvertebrate species there was no significant effect of the exclusion of shorebird predation. Overall, our results do not show evidence that predation by shorebirds influenced the overall standing biomass of the benthic community. This may indicate that the benthic productivity is high enough to provide constant and reliable food supplies for non-breeding shorebirds.     

基于HJ-1A/B CCD影像的神农架巴山冷杉森林地上生物量估算

神农架林区气候复杂,森林类型多样,巴山冷杉林生境复杂,生物量估算难度较大。本研究首先将神农架林区植被细分类,提取出研究区巴山冷杉林分布范围,然后使用换算因子连续函数法对外业调查的研究区22块巴山冷杉样地进行样地生物量估算;最后利用逐步多元回归分析方法,估算巴山冷杉生物量。回归方程的拟合优度检验R值为0.851,决定系数R2为0.725,显著性检测值F为11.20。主要结论有:1)研究区提取出巴山冷杉面积为8 347.41 hm2,巴山冷杉生物量总量为102.51×104t,平均值为122.8 t/hm2。与前人的研究成果相比,估算平均值基本一致,实验结果可信。2)巴山冷杉林生物量出现了从边缘向内部的递减现象,巴山冷杉在林区呈现"离散化"分布,生物量也存在空间上的"退化"现象。     

Effect of mixture sowing on biomass allocation in the artificially-planted pastures,Southeastern Tibetan

Artificial planting is an important measure to promote the restoration of degraded grassland and protect the ecological environment. The objectives of the current study were to investigate the allocation pattern between aboveground biomass(AGB) and belowground biomass(BGB) in different seeding types of artificially-planted pastures. We explored the variation in biomass and the relationship between above-and belowground biomass in four artificiallyplanted pastures with one species from Elymus nutans Griseb(EN, perennial), Elymus sibiricus Linn(ES, perennial), Medicago sativa Linn(MS, perennial), and Avena sativa Linn(AS, annual) and in six artificially-planted communities with mixtures of two species by seeding ratio 1:1 from the abovementioned grasses(EN + AS, MS + AS, EN + ES, MS + EN, MS + ES, AS + ES) in 2015 and 2016. The results showed that E. nutans is the most productive species with the highest biomass production among the single crops. MS + ES was the most productive group in 2015, while the group with the highest biomass production changed to AS + ES in 2016. AGB was positively correlated to BGB in the surface soil layer in the first year, but positively related to BGB in the subsoil layer in the second year. In the early stageof artificial grassland succession, plants allocated more biomass to aboveground parts, with a root to shoot(R/S) ratio of 1.98. The slope of the log-log relationship between AGB and BGB was 1.07 in 2016, which is consistent with the isometric theory. Different sowing patterns strongly affected the accumulation and allocation of biomass in artificiallyplanted grassland, E. sibiricus was the suitable plant in the alpine regions, which will be conducive to understanding vegetation restoration and plant interactions in the future.     

荒漠草原沙生针茅(Stipa glareosa)群落物种多样性和地上生物量对降雨量的响应

利用野外降雨量增减试验平台,研究了荒漠草原沙生针茅(Stipa glareosa)群落物种多样性和地上生物量对降雨量的响应特征。结果表明:降雨量增加或减少均能导致物种的改变,使物种多样性发生变化。处理中,4种物种多样性指数整体表现为8月高于6月。降雨量减少40%时,Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson优势集中性指数和物种丰富度Patrick指数最低,减少20%时,Pielou均匀度指数最低。降雨量增减也能够导致盖度与生物量的响应。降雨量减少60%、40%、20%时,6月植被盖度高于8月;降雨量增加20%、40%、60%时,6月植被盖度低于8月。降雨量减少和增加对荒漠草原植被盖度都有累加效应,即随时间变化,增雨处理使植被盖度持续升高,反之亦然。随降雨量增加,地上现存生物量逐渐升高,且在降雨量增加60%时达最大。降雨量减少60%、40%、20%和增加20%,都会显著降低凋落物生物量(P<0.05)。随降雨量增加,地上现存生物量与凋落物生物量的比值增大。在荒漠草原沙生针茅群落中,降雨量增加,有利于地上现存生物量的积累和地上总生物量的提高。影响荒漠草原地区植物群落地上生物量和物种多样性的关键降雨量变化范围为减雨40%～20%和增雨40%～60%。超出该范围,植物群落地上生物量和物种多样性对降雨变化的响应都会减弱。增雨20%～40%对地上生物量和物种多样性的影响不显著。     

腾格里沙漠东南缘植被恢复过程中土壤微生物量及酶活性

土壤微生物量和酶活性是反映土壤功能的关键指标,也是土壤恢复和环境变化的指示器。以流动沙丘为对照,研究了腾格里沙漠东南缘人工固沙植被区表层0~5、5~10、10~20 cm土壤微生物量碳氮和酶活性随植被恢复的变化特征。结果显示：土壤微生物碳氮含量和脲酶、多酚氧化酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶、蔗糖酶活性均随植被恢复年限延长而增大,随土层深度增加而减小,不同年代植被区及不同土层间差异均显著（P<0.05）。其中0~5 cm土层变化最明显,经过62年植被恢复后土壤微生物碳氮量和脲酶、多酚氧化酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶、蔗糖酶活性分别增加了16.44、8.79、3.99、3.01、2.54、19.35、0.77、0.65、16.61倍,年平均变化速率分别为1.55、0.21 mg·kg^-1和6.14×10^-4、1.25×10^-2、9.32×10^-4、6.05×10^-2、8.22×10^-5、9.07×10^-5、4.24×10^-3 mg·g^-1·h^-1。土壤微生物量和酶活性与土壤理化性质高度相关,除与沙粒、容重呈负相关关系外,与土壤粉粒、黏粒、pH、电导率、有机碳、无机碳、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量呈正相关关系。这表明种植旱生灌木能够有效促进沙地土壤功能恢复并改善沙区环境。     

Spatial and seasonal distribution of intertidal macrobenthos with their biomass and functional feeding guilds in the Naf River estuary,Bangladesh

The Naf River estuary is one of the most productive ecological ecosystems in Bangladesh providing an important feeding area for fishes and other aquatic animals.However,detailed information on macrobenthic communities is rarely available in this area.Our study focused on the seasonal and spatial variability of macrobenthic community structure with their biomass and functional guilds.In total,fortyseven taxa were identified under nine major groups and seven functional feeding guilds.Among macrobenthic taxa,Polychaeta was dominant in both seasons and all over the estuary contributing 60%of total benthos.The mean abundance of macrobenthos was higher during the pre-monsoon(2 972±1 994 inds./m^2)than the monsoon(1 572±361 inds./m^2)being maximum at mid-estuary region and minimum at upper and lower estuary regions.Of the diversity indices,density(P=0.01,P=0.003),the number of taxa(P=0.000 3,P=0.000 9)and Margalef′s Index(P=0.000 4,P=0.001)of macrobenthos were significantly different among stations and seasons.Shannon-Weiner index(P=0.009,P=0.12)and Pielou’s evenness index(P=0.03,P=0.14)had significant differences among stations but not among seasons.Cluster analysis suggested that distribution of macrofauna is strongly influenced by seasonality.Among the feeding types,carnivorous were found to be dominant at the upper and mid-estuarine regions,and herbivorous were at lower estuarine regions.Carnivorous species were dominant in both seasons.Omnivores have shown to be the most abundant feeding type in terms of biomass though herbivores were highest during monsoon.