生物质炭和钢渣对江西丰城典型富硒区土壤硒有效性的调控效果与机理研究

江西丰城富硒土壤中总硒含量较高,但能被植物直接吸收利用的有效态硒含量偏低。土壤中硒的生物有效性是影响作物富硒的关键因素,寻找安全有效的改良剂对提高富硒土壤中硒的有效性至关重要。本文以生物质炭和钢渣为改良剂,共设置了8个不同处理,通过室内土培试验和盆栽实验,原子荧光光谱法测定有效态硒的含量,探究了两种改良剂在不同处理水平下对丰城富硒土壤中有效硒的调控效果。土培试验结果表明,施加不同量的生物质炭和钢渣均能提高研究区土壤pH,提升幅度为0.1～3.79个单位。元素形态分析结果表明,改良剂主要通过影响有机结合态硒来调控土壤有效态硒,施加生物质炭的土壤中有机质含量显著增加,且有机质对硒表现为固定作用,导致有效态硒含量降幅为8.4%～15.1%,使土壤有效硒含量总体偏低;而钢渣对土壤pH的显著影响有利于活化土壤中的硒元素,土壤有效态硒含量可提高1.4～2.0倍。盆栽实验结果表明,土壤经钢渣处理后小白菜硒含量提高30%以上,而经生物质炭处理后小白菜硒含量降幅在7.14%～42.8%之间。本研究认为,生物质炭不适用于调控研究区土壤中硒的有效性,钢渣可作为研究区土壤硒有效性的调控材料,既实现了固废再利用,也提高了土壤中硒的有效度。     

土壤微生物生物量磷研究进展

系统评述了土壤微生物生物量磷的测定方法、含量、周转、C／P及其影响因素．土壤微生物生物量磷周转速度快,是植物有效磷的重要来源,但是易受外界影响,在土壤中含量变化范围比较大．熏蒸提取法是测定土壤微生物生物量磷含量最常用的方法,但是该法对于不同类型的土壤不具通用性．新鲜土样经氯仿蒸汽熏蒸24h,提取效果比较好;不同类型的土壤选择的浸提剂不同,酸性土壤宜用Bray-1提取剂,而碱性土壤宜用Olsen提取剂;转换系数K,亦需根据土壤类型进行校正．未来研究应侧重在几个方面：完善测定方法;土壤微生物生物量磷与土壤供磷能力、土壤磷素转化的关系;形态组成;土壤微生物生物量磷与土壤质量的内在关系．     

科尔沁沙地持续放牧和不同强度放牧后封育草场中生物结皮生物量和土壤因子的变化

通过对科尔沁沙地放牧后封育样地和放牧样地生物结皮生物量的研究,探讨了不同样地生物结皮生物量的变化规律及其与环境因子的相互关系。结果表明,封育样地藓类和藻类植物的生物量显著高于放牧样地;在封育样地内,轻度、中度放牧封育区显著高于重度放牧封育区（P＜0.05）。封育样地生物结皮的土壤微生物量碳、氮含量高于放牧样地,并且各样区藓结皮土壤微生物量碳、氮含量显著高于藻结皮（P＜0.05）。在封育样地内表现为轻度、中度放牧封育区土壤微生物量碳、氮含量较高,重度放牧封育区含量较低,体现出不同强度放牧封育停牧后对土壤微生物量碳、氮影响的滞后效应。藻类植物的生物量与结皮厚度、有机质含量和粉黏粒呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,与细沙呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,与粗沙呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）。藓类植物的生物量与结皮厚度、有机质含量、粉黏粒呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,与粗沙呈负相关,但不显著。藻类植物的生物量与土壤因子之间的相关性更为密切。     

多枝柽柳和疏叶骆驼刺幼苗生物量分配及根系分布特征

以塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘荒漠-绿洲过渡带上两种主要建群种植物多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)和疏叶骆驼刺(Alhagi.sparsifolia SHAP.)的一年生幼苗为研究对象,采用人工壕沟全根挖掘法,研究同一生境条件下两种植物幼苗在生物量分配、根冠比、根系分布特征对极端干旱环境的适应特征.结果表明:(1)两种植物幼苗生物量分配策略明显不同.多枝柽柳幼苗把更多的生物量分配到地上,其根冠比为0.75;而疏叶骆驼刺幼苗把更多的生物量分配到地下,其根冠比为1.73.(2)两种植物幼苗地上/地下生物量属于典型的幂函数异速生长关系,异速生长模型的相关系数都在0.83以上.(3)两种植物幼苗根系分布各异.多枝柽柳幼苗根系多由垂直的主根和水平扩展的侧根组成,根长在垂直剖面上近似"丰"字形分布;骆驼刺幼苗根系在土壤中呈网状分布,根长在垂直剖面上近"古"字形分布.     

Land use effects on soil organic carbon, nitrogen and salinity in saline-alkaline wetland

Land-use and soil management affects soil organic carbon （SOC） pools, nitrogen, salinity and the depth distribution. The objective of this study was to estimate land-use effects on the distribution of SOC, labile fractions C, nitrogen （N） and salinity in saline-alkaline wetlands in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin. Three land-use types were selected： intact saline-alkaline meadow wetland, artificial shrubbery （planting Tamarix） and farmland （cultivated for 18 years） of soils previously under meadow wetland. SOC, easily oxidized carbon, microbial biomass carbon, total N, NO3--N and salinity concentrations were measured. The results show that SOC and labile fraction carbon contents decreased significantly with increasing soil depth in the three land-use wetlands. The labile fraction carbon contents in the topsoil （0-20cm） in cultivated soils were significantly higher than that in intact meadow wetland and artificial shrubbery soil. The aboveground biomass and soil permeability were the primary influencing factors on the contents of SOC and the labile carbon in the intact meadow wetland and artificial shrubbery soil, however, the farming practice was a factor in cultivated soil. Agricultural measures can effectively reduce the salinity contents; however, it caused a significant increase of NO 3--N concentrations which posed a threat to groundwater quality in the study area.     

Spatio‐temporal variation in biomass of the deep‐sea red crab Chaceon affinis in Gran Canaria Island (Canary Islands,Eastern‐Central Atlantic)

The spatial and temporal biomass distribution of Chaceon affinis and its vulnerability to fishing activity in Gran Canaria (Canary Islands) were investigated. The first goal was to assess the influence of the slope steepness and substrate on the size of crab patches, size of the crabs, and crab biomass. The second goal was to evaluate spatial and temporal variation in the biomass over a 15‐month period. The last goal was to assess the influence of fishing activity upon the reduction in the biomass over the same 15‐month period. Only two or three locations in the sampling area generated high‐biomass contour patches. When these patches were superimposed on the isobath lines, they were coincident with the main depth range described for the species in the area. The map of the biomass values clearly showed three structures with cores of the highest biomass in both muddy and rocky‐muddy areas. The biomass was higher on muddy than on rocky‐muddy bottoms. Biomass was twice as high when steepness was reduced to one third between isobaths of 500 and 900 m. The size of crab patches increases linearly with the decrease in slope steepness. The spatial structure of crabs remained fairly stable over time, showing that biomass changes with depth over time. Maps of the estimated biomass values over the 15‐month period showed the same two main patches over time with the cores of highest biomass separated by a distance of between 4.2 and 4.5 km. Although the bathymetric distribution by sexes showed temporal changes, with a displacement to deeper areas made by both sexes over the studied period, only a partial temporal segregation between males and females was observed. During the study period, crabs underwent a significant decline in biomass and this was consistent with the combined catches of both commercial and experimental fishing in the area. Due to its low mobility, C. affinis is highly vulnerable to local depletion by intensive fishing efforts.     

Functional diversity of fish and invertebrates in coral and rocky reefs of the Eastern Tropical Pacific

To define the functional groups of fish and macroinvertebrates in the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP), visual censuses were performed in 18 areas of four biogeographic provinces: Cortés, Mexican, Panamic and Oceanic Islands. A total of 257 fish and macroinvertebrate species were recorded, and from them, 27 morpho‐functional groups (MFGs) were constructed on the basis of trophic level, maximum size, taxonomy and morphology. Biomass, richness, diversity and evenness of MFGs were calculated for each province and compared statistically; a regression analysis between taxonomic and functional diversity was conducted to observe the relationship between these two indicators. There were significant differences in all ecological indices (p < .002), highlighting the high biomass and richness of MFGs in the Cortés and Oceanic Islands provinces (>400 g/m²), associated with the influence of cold currents in the northernmost region and less fishing pressure in protected areas. A decreasing pattern of MFG richness towards the tropics was observed, which demonstrates that in the ETP, the relationship between habitat heterogeneity and species diversity has been translated into functional complexity. The Mexican province was the most functionally diverse (biomass well distributed in the MFG; H′ = 0.46 ± 0.009). Related to this, it is predicted that biomass is biased towards certain functional groups (i.e., large carnivores), which shows that the H′ index of the MFG is not a good indicator of the conservation status of ETP reefs. Finally, regression analysis suggests that functional diversity increases at low species diversity but eventually reaches an asymptote (almost all possible functions are represented).     

长江口及邻近海域浮游动物生物量分布及季节变化

2006年7月—2007年12月,在长江口及邻近海域(29°30′N~32°30′N,120°00′E~127°30′E)布设150个观测站位,进行了4个季节生物、化学和物理海洋学综合调查。根据采集的浮游动物样品的分析鉴定结果及现场环境参数的测定数据,对浮游动物群落生物量分布及季节变化进行了研究。结果表明:长江口及邻近海域浮游动物生物量有明显的季节变化,主要表现为:春季>夏季>秋季>冬季。中华哲水蚤(Calanussinicus)、双生水母(Diphyeschamissonis)、百陶带箭虫(Zonosagittabedoti)和中华假磷虾(Pseudeuphausiasinica)是长江口及邻近海域浮游动物生物量的主要贡献者。化学营养盐是影响长江口及邻近海域浮游动物生物量分布的主要环境因素,除此以外,其它环境因子在不同季节对浮游动物生物量的影响存在差异。春季,温度和盐度是影响浮游动物生物量的主要因素;夏季,温度、溶解氧和叶绿素a是影响浮游动物生物量的主要因素;秋季,盐度、溶解氧和悬浮颗粒物是影响浮游动物生物量的主要因素。冬季,环境因子对浮游动物生物量影响不明显。     

Spatial pattern of grassland aboveground biomass and its environmental controls in the Eurasian steppe

Vegetation biomass is an important component of terrestrial ecosystem carbon stocks. Grasslands are one of the most widespread biomes worldwideplaying an important role in global carbon cycling. Thereforestudying spatial patterns of biomass and their correlations to environment in grasslands is fundamental to quantifying terrestrial carbon budgets. The Eurasian steppean important part of global grasslandsis the largest and relatively well preserved grassland in the world. In this studywe analyzed the spatial pattern of aboveground biomass(AGB)and correlations of AGB to its environment in the Eurasian steppe by meta-analysis. AGB data used in this study were derived from the harvesting method and were obtained from three data sources(literatureglobal NPP database at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center(ORNL)some data provided by other researchers). Our results demonstrated that:(1) as for the Eurasian steppe overallthe spatial variation in AGB exhibited significant horizontal and vertical zonality. In detailAGB showed an inverted parabola curve with the latitude and with the elevationwhile a parabola curve with the longitude. In additionthe spatial pattern of AGB had marked horizontal zonality in the Black Sea-Kazakhstan steppe subregion and the Mongolian Plateau steppe subregionwhile horizontal and vertical zonality in the Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe subregion.(2) Of the examined environmental variablesthe spatial variation of AGB was related to mean annual precipitation(MAP)mean annual temperature(MAT)mean annual solar radiation(MAR)soil Gravel contentsoil p H and soil organic content(SOC) at the depth of 0–30 cm. NeverthelessMAP dominated spatial patterns of AGB in the Eurasian steppe and its three subregions.(3) A Gaussian function was found between AGB and MAP in the Eurasian steppe overallwhich was primarily determined by unique patterns of grasslands and environment in the Tibetan Plateau. AGB was significantly positively related to MAP in the Black Sea-Kazakhstan steppe subregion(elevation 3000 m)the Mongolian Plateau steppe subregion(elevation 3000 m) and the surface(elevation ≥ 4800 m) of the Tibetan Plateau. Neverthelessthe spatial variation in AGB exhibited a Gaussian function curve with the increasing MAP in the east and southeast margins(elevation 4800 m) of the Tibetan Plateau. This study provided more knowledge of spatial patterns of AGB and their environmental controls in grasslands than previous studies only conducted in local regions like the Inner Mongolian temperate grasslandthe Tibetan Plateau alpine grasslandetc.     

马衔山多年冻土与季节冻土区土壤微生物量及酶活性的季节动态

为了研究马衔山多年冻土区和非多年冻土区土壤微生物碳氮、土壤酶活性的差异,选取多年冻土区、季节冻土区和交界区为对象,分析了0~30 cm土层微生物碳氮和转化酶、脲酶、中性磷酸酶、淀粉酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶酶活性不同季节的变化特征。结果表明：全氮、总有机碳、微生物量碳氮与多数土壤酶之间呈显著相关关系。在不同区域,土壤微生物碳氮均在0~10 cm含量最高,10~20 cm次之,20~30 cm最低。土壤微生物碳氮在生长季表现为含量逐渐增加,但是多年冻土区与季节冻土区差异不大。土壤酶活性在深度方面表现与微生物碳氮含量变化一致。土壤酶并无的季节变化规律。在多年冻土区,转化酶、多酚氧化酶和磷酸酶活性明显高于非多年冻土区。本研究表明,尽管多年冻土区的植被和土壤总有机碳明显高于非多年冻土区,其土壤微生物碳氮含量相当,且一些土壤酶活性也相当。说明非多年冻土区土壤的生物地球化学相对强度较大。因此,多年冻土退化后可能会导致生态系统的退化。