Spatial and temporal variations of macro-and mesozooplankton community in the Huanghai Sea (Yellow Sea) and East China Sea in summer and winter

The study was conducted during two cruises of June–August 2006 (summer),and January–February 2007 (winter) in the Huanghai (Yellow) Sea and East China Sea.Spatial and temporal variations of zooplankton abundance,biomass and community structure and its relation to currents and water masses over the continental shelf were examined.A total of 584 zooplankton species/taxa and 28 planktonic larvae were identified during the two surveys.Copepods were the most abundant component among these identified groups.Zooplankton abundance and biomass fluctuated widely and showed distinct heterogeneity in the shelf waters.Five zooplankton assemblages were identified with hierarchical cluster analysis during this study,and they were Huanghai Sea Assemblage,Changjiang Estuary Assemblage,Coastal Assemblage,East China Sea Mixed-water Assemblage and East China Sea Offshore Assemblage.Seasonal changes of zooplankton community composition and its geographical distribution were detected,and the locations of the faunistic areas overlap quite well with water masses and current systems.So we suggest that the zooplankton community structure and its changes were determined by the water masses in the Huanghai Sea and East China Sea.The results of this research can provide fundamental information for the long-term monitoring of zooplankton ecology in the shelf of Huanghai Sea and East China Sea.     

杭州湾湿地土壤酶活性分布特征及其与活性有机碳组分的关系

选取了杭州湾滨海湿地芦苇Phragmites australis湿地、互花米草Spartina alterniflora湿地、海三棱藨草Scirpus mariqueter湿地以及光滩湿地,研究了土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、磷酸酶活性及土壤溶解性碳(DOC)、土壤微生物量碳(MBC)在0～20cm土层的分布特征及其内在相关性,探讨酶活性与土壤有机碳及其组分的关系。结果表明,表层(0～5cm)土壤的酶活性和有机碳含量最高,随着土壤深度的增加,土壤酶活性和土壤有机碳含量呈下降趋势。相关分析表明,土壤碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶与总有机碳呈显著正相关,土壤脲酶与土壤溶解性有机碳呈显著正相关,蔗糖酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶以及碱性磷酸酶活性与土壤微生物量碳或溶解性碳呈负相关,表明不同的土壤酶对湿地土壤有机碳库组成的贡献不同。     

Wood productivity of Prosopis flexuosa D.C. woodlands in the central Monte: Influence of population structure and tree-growth habit

A balance between forest production and protection is hard to achieve in arid zones due to their low potential for wood production. Prosopis flexuosa woodlands are the major woody formations in the Monte desert and are currently in a degraded state due to intense use. The main degradation factors in the study area are overgrazing and firewood extraction. We developed allometric models to estimate the aerial biomass of P. flexuosa, compared annual growth rates of one- and multi-stemmed individuals through dendrochronological methods, and estimated the productivity of four structurally different woodlands in the central Monte. Total dry weight was best estimated by power equations. Annual increments in basal area and dry weight were initially larger for multi- than one-stemmed individuals. However, whereas multi-stemmed individuals rapidly decreased their growth rates after 60 years of age, one-stemmed trees maintained steady growth rates during the first 100 years. Depending on woodland density and tree size, total woodland biomass varied between 4000 and 15 000 kg ha⁻¹. Wood productivity was similar in all four woodlands studied (121.6-173.7 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹). Our results reveal the importance of tree growth habit to productivity, and suggest that regulated extraction of firewood and poles from old multi-stemmed individuals could optimize wood productivity and contribute to the sustainable use and conservation of these woodlands.     

Soil and water conservation measures improve soil carbon sequestration and soil quality under cashews

Land degradation is becoming a serious problem in the west coast region of India where one of the world's eight biodiversity hotspots,the‘Western Ghats’,is present.Poor land management practices and high rainfall have led to increasing problems associated with land degradation.A long-term(13-year)experiment was done to evaluate the impact of soil and water conservation measures on soil carbon sequestration and soil quality at three different depths under cashew nut cultivation on a 19%slope.Five soil and water conservation measures-continuous contour trenches,staggered contour trenches,halfmoon terraces,semi-elliptical trenches,and graded trenches all with vegetative barriers of Stylosanthes scabra and Vetiveria zizanoides and control were evaluated for their influence on soil properties,carbon sequestration,and soil quality under cashews.The soil and water conservation measures improved significantly the soil organic carbon,soil organic carbon stock,carbon sequestration rate and microbial activity compared to the control condition(without any measures).Among the measures tested,continuous contour trenches with vegetative barriers outperformed the others with respect to soil organic carbon stock,sequestration rate,and microbial activity.The lower metabolic quotient with the measures compared to the control indicated alleviation of environmental stress on microbes.Using principal component analysis and a correlation matrix,a minimum dataset was identified as the soil available nitrogen,bulk density,basal soil respiration,soil pH,acid phosphatase activity,and soil available boron and these were the most important soil properties controlling the soil quality.Four soil quality indices using two summation methods(additive and weighted)and two scoring methods(linear and non-linear)were developed using the minimum dataset.A linear weighted soil quality index was able to statistically differentiate the effect of soil and water conservation measures from that of the control.The highest value of the soil quality index of 0.98 was achieved with continuous contour trenches with a vegetative barrier.The results of the study indicate that soil and water conservation measures for cashews are a potential strategy to improve the soil carbon sequestration and soil quality along with improving crop productivity and reducing the erosion losses.     

无人机多光谱和LiDAR的红树林精细识别与生物量估算

红树林是生长在热带和亚热带海岸潮间带、受到海水周期性浸淹的木本植物群落,被公认为是海陆边缘重要的蓝色碳汇,但由于其地处海岸带区域,受人类开发利用活动的影响严重。本文选择广西茅尾海红树林保护区为研究区,以无人机多光谱和激光雷达影像为数据源,利用支持向量机分类方法对红树林优势种类进行分类;提出了单木分层分区距离判别聚类分割方法,准确提取了红树林的单木结构信息;估算了研究区红树林地上生物量。得出以下结论：（1）综合利用无人机多光谱和激光雷达数据,对研究区红树林种间类型识别总体精度可达90.69%;（2）基于分层分区距离判别聚类方法能够较好的提取红树林单木结构特征,树高的提取精度优于冠幅;（3）构建了红树林高度、冠幅与地上生物量回归模型,其中桐花树生物量回归模型的决定系数R2最高,达0.83;（4）研究区内红树林地上生物量主要分布范围为1.24—3.6 kg/m²,其中无瓣海桑最高,老鼠簕最低。     

基于HJ-1A/1B数据的高寒草地牧草营养动态监测模型

为了掌控高寒草地全年的营养状况与更好地利用草地和草畜平衡,该文基于HJ-1A/1B多光谱CCD数据,通过监测草地牧草全年4期营养动态和分析对应时期的遥感指数,建立了直接和间接的遥感动态对比模型,获得了草地牧草4期生物量和粗蛋白含量.结果表明:基于HJ-1A/1B多时相、多光谱数据,利用间接模型反演4期草地牧草生物量和粗蛋白是一种可行的方法,尤其在枯草期和返青期;草地牧草全年营养状况变化很大,最大相差约9倍.     

The potential of spectral mixture analysis to improve the estimation accuracy of tropical forest biomass

A main limitation of pixel-based vegetation indices or reflectance values for estimating above-ground biomass is that they do not consider the mixed spectral components on the earth's surface covered by a pixel. In this research, we decomposed mixed reflectance in each pixel before developing models to achieve higher accuracy in above-ground biomass estimation. Spectral mixture analysis was applied to decompose the mixed spectral components of Landsat-7 ETM+ imagery into fractional images. Afterwards, regression models were developed by integrating training data and fraction images. The results showed that the spectral mixture analysis improved the accuracy of biomass estimation of Dipterocarp forests. When applied to the independent validation data set, the model based on the vegetation fraction reduced 5–16% the root mean square error compared to the models using a single band 4 or 5, multiple bands 4, 5, 7 and all non-thermal bands of Landsat ETM+.     

Using embodied HANPP to analyze teleconnections in the global land system: Conceptual considerations

Geografisk Tidsskrift—Danish Journal of Geography 109(2):119–130, 2009

In our rapidly globalizing world economy activities in one region have increasingly important effects on ecological, economic or social processes elsewhere, an effect which we here denote as ‘teleconnections’ between different regions. Biomass trade, one of the causes behind such teleconnections, is currently growing exponentially. Integrated analyses of changes in the global land system are high on the agenda of sustainability science, but a methodological framework for a consistent allocation of environmental burdens related to the consumption and production of biomass between regions has not been put forth to date. The concept of the ‘embodied human appropriation of net primary production’ (abbreviated ‘embodied HANPP’ or ‘eHANPP’) allows for the assessment of the ‘upstream’ effects on ecosystem energetics associated with a particular level of biomass consumption or with a given biomass-based product. This concept is based on HANPP and its two components: (1) productivity changes resulting from land conversion (ΔNPP_LC), and (2) harvest of biomass in ecosystems (NPP_h). HANPP, defined as the sum of ΔANPP_LC and NPP_h in any given territory, is indicative of the intensity with which humans use the land for their purposes. eHANPP is defined as the NPP appropriated in the course of biomass production, encompassing losses along the production chain as well as productivity changes induced through land conversion or harvest. By making the pressure exerted on ecosystems associated with imports and exports visible, eHANPP allows for the analysis of teleconnections between producing and consuming regions. This article puts forward the eHANPP concept, illustrates its utility for integrated socioecological land-change research based on top-down data on global HANPP and biomass consumption, and discusses the possibilities and challenges related to its quantification in bottom-up approaches.     

Seasonal variation in soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in an artificial sand-binding vegetation area in Shapotou, northern China

In this study, seasonal variation characteristics of surface soil microbial biomass carbon （MBC） and soil microbial biomass nitrogen （MBN） of an artificial vegetation area located in Shapotou for different time periods were studied using the chloroform fumigation method, and the results were compared with those of near-natural vegetation areas and mobile dunes. Results showed that the MBC and MBN levels in the 0-5 cm soil layer were higher in autumn than in summer and spring. As the prolongation of vegetation restoration raised the MBC and MBN levels in summer and autumn, no clear variation was found in spring. However, the MBC and MBN in 5-20 cm had no obvious seasonal variation. During summer and autumn, the variation trend of MBC and MBN in the vertical direction was shown to be 0-5 〉 5-10 〉 10-20 cm in the vegetation area, while for mobile dunes, the MBC and MBN levels increased as the depth increased. The natural vegetation area was shown to possess the highest MBC and MBN levels, and yet mobile dunes have the lowest MBC and MBN levels. MBC and MBN levels in artificial sand-binding vegetation increased with the prolongation of vegetation restoration, indicating that the succession of sand-binding vegetation will result in the ac- cumulation of soil carbon and nitrogen, as well as the restoration of soil fertility.