Dynamic factor analysis of long-term growth trends of the intertidal seagrass Thalassia hemprichii in southern Taiwan

We examined environmental factors which are most responsible for the 8-year temporal dynamics of the intertidal seagrass Thalassia hemprichii in southern Taiwan. A dynamic factor analysis (DFA), a dimension-reduction technique, was applied to identify common trends in a multivariate time series and the relationships between this series and interacting environmental variables. The results of dynamic factor models (DFMs) showed that the leaf growth rate of the seagrass was mainly influenced by salinity (Sal), tidal range (TR), turbidity (K), and a common trend representing an unexplained variability in the observed time series. Sal was the primary variable that explained the temporal dynamics of the leaf growth rate compared to TR and K. K and TR had larger influences on the leaf growth rate in low- than in high-elevation beds. In addition to K, TR, and Sal, UV-B radiation (UV-B), sediment depth (SD), and a common trend accounted for long-term temporal variations of the above-ground biomass. Thus, K, TR, Sal, UV-B, and SD are the predominant environmental variables that described temporal growth variations of the intertidal seagrass T. hemprichii in southern Taiwan. In addition to environmental variables, human activities may be contributing to negative impacts on the seagrass beds; this human interference may have been responsible for the unexplained common trend in the DFMs. Due to successfully applying the DFA to analyze complicated ecological and environmental data in this study, important environmental variables and impacts of human activities along the coast should be taken into account when managing a coastal environment for the conservation of intertidal seagrass beds.     

Spatiotemporal dynamics of submerged macrophytes in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon

The seasonal and interannual dynamics of the biomass and spatial distribution of a macrophyte meadow were explored in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon (Albufera des Grau, Balearic Islands) from 2002 to 2007. The dynamics in the main physicochemical variables were also analysed to assess the factors involved in the spatiotemporal variability of the submerged macrophytes.     

森林生物量遥感估算与应用分析

遥感图像光谱信息具有良好的综合性和现势性,利用遥感信息和GIS技术进行森林生物量估算及碳过程的研究已经成为一种全新的手段。本文对森林生物量遥感估算方法及其应用进行了深入分析,总结了利用遥感信息进行森林生物量估算的四种主要方法:遥感信息参数与生物量拟合关系的方法、遥感数据与过程模型融合的方法、基准样地法(KNN方法)以及人工神经网络模型方法,并在此基础上分析了当前该领域研究的不足,以及今后利用遥感方法进行森林生物量估算的主要发展方向。     

新疆乌伦古湖浮游植物群落结构

于2006年11月至2007年7月按季度对乌伦古湖浮游植物进行了取样调查,共发现浮游藻类164种(包括若干未定名种),隶属于8门90属,其中Anabaena bergii为新疆新记录种,两种硅藻Chaetocerns sp.和Thalassionema sp.属于海产种类.各季种类组成均以绿藻门和硅藻门为主,蓝藻门和裸藻门次之,甲藻门、金藻门、黄藻门、隐藻门种类均比较少.秋季种类最多,有141种;其次是夏季和春季,分别为128种和121种;冬季种类最少,仅有95种.中华小尖头藻、微小四角藻、小形月牙藻、小球藻及尖针杆藻为全年可见优势种;肘状针杆藻在春季、夏季和秋季构成优势种群;扭曲蹄形藻和椭圆小球藻仅在夏季构成优势种群,而水溪绿球藻和粗刺四棘藻仅在冬季构成优势种群.藻类生物量周年变动模式为单峰型,生物量的峰值出现在夏季(6.77mg/L).最低值出现在冬季(1.45mg/L).结合历史资料分析发现,30年来,乌伦古湖浮游藻类不仅在种类组成上发生了明显的变化,在数量上也显著着一定的增长,并以绿藻和硅藻类群的增长最为显著.     

武汉东湖底栖藻类在不同基质上生长的比较

测定了富营养化武汉东湖中的底栖藻类在不同人工基质上建群发展为成熟群落的生物量(Chl.a),定性分析了人工和天然基质上成熟硅藻群落的种类组成和结构特征.通过比较建群期间底栖藻类在花岗岩、玻璃、塑料(PVC)和木板4种不同人工基质上的生物量变化,发现底栖藻类在PVC上的生物量峰值(Chl.a,71.0μg/cm2)明显高于其它人工基质,说明PVC是最适合底柄藻类生长的人工基质.分析发现人工基质花岗岩上底柄硅藻群落的种类组成、主要优势种类、群落的相似性指数、多样性指数都和天然基质上的硅藻群落是高度相似的,显示该人工基质能够代表天然基质上的藻类群落,表明花岗岩应该是以底栖藻类作指示生物监测和评价水质的理想人工基质.     

Sulfur and Carbon Co‐doped TiO2 Composite Fabricated by Lignosulphonate and Its Suitability for Removal of Cadmium

Highly toxic divalent cadmium causes serious environmental issues. To quickly monitor and/or efficiently remove this potentially toxic metal ion as well as to explore its interfacial chemistry with metal oxides, a sulfur and carbon co‐doped titania (S/C‐TiO₂) composite is synthesized via a facile sol‐gel method with the assistance of sodium lignosulphonate (SLS). The prepared composite displays a well‐crystallized TiO₂ nanostructure comprising the anatase phase. Both S and C, which are derived from the SLS template, are found to enter the TiO₂ lattice. The S/C‐TiO₂ composite exhibits a porous structure with a wide pore size distribution. The newly synthesized composite shows adsorption capability for the potentially toxic metal Cd(II). The adsorption process requires <5 min to reach equilibrium. The measured equilibrium adsorption capacity is 19.42 mg g^?1, which is twice as high as that of bare TiO₂. The removal efficiency is as high as 97%. Moreover, the materials are suitable for contaminated solutions over a wide range of pH values and various initial cadmium concentrations. A mechanism for the enhanced adsorption behavior is also proposed.     

The impact of wastewater treatment effluent on microbial biomasses and diversities in coastal sediment microcosms of Hangzhou Bay

Disposal of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent into sea, a typical anthropogenic disturbance, may influence many environmental factors and change the coastal microbial community structure. In this study, by setting up coastal sediment microcosms perturbed by WWTP effluent, the changes of microbial community structure under different degree of disturbances were investigated. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) were used to analyzed the biomass and biodiversity. High throughput sequencing analysis was used to identify the classification of the microorganisms. Our study suggested that low ratio of WWTP effluent may stimulate dominant species, which increase the biomass but decrease the biodiversity; while high ratio of WWTP effluent may depress all species, which decrease the biomass but increase the biodiversity. In other words, the impact was dose-dependent. The changes of microbial community structure may provide a metric for water environmental assessment and pollution control.     

基于浓缩法的浮游植物定量数据稳定性与可靠性分析

浮游植物是水生生态系统中重要的初级生产者,相对准确地定量它们的数量是进一步进行水质评价和生态功能分析的基础.通过采集处于不同营养状态的水库和不同处理的围隔中的浮游植物,研究影响浓缩法定量浮游植物的因素,了解如何通过浓缩法来合理地定量浮游植物.分析浓缩倍数、样品的显微镜计数量、水体营养状态对浮游植物丰度、生物量及群落多样性等定量参数稳定性的影响,同时比较单个不同水体中重复(或平行)样品之间浮游植物丰度的差别.结果表明,基于浮游植物的显微镜计数效率与定量数据稳定性的综合考虑,选择计数4片×10格/片即可基本保证定量数据的稳定性;在保证正常镜检的基础上,考虑水体营养状态适当增加浓缩倍数能够提高定量数据的可靠性;在特别依赖生物量或稀有种进行水质评价时,处于不同营养水平的水体均需要增加样品的平行数来提高定量数据的可靠性.     

Modeling and mapping aboveground biomass of the restored mangroves using ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 in East Kalimantan,Indonesia

Accurate estimation of forest aboveground biomass (AGB) using remote sensing is a requisite for monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system of the United Nations Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation. However, attaining high accuracy remains a great challenge in the diverse tropical forests. Among available technologies, l-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) estimates AGB with reasonably high accuracy in the terrestrial tropical forests. Nevertheless, the accuracy is relatively low in the mangrove forests. In this context, the study was carried out to model and map AGB using backscatter coefficients of Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2 (ALOS-2) Phased Array l-band SAR-2 (PALSAR-2) in part of the restored mangrove forest at Mahakam Delta, Indonesia. PALSAR-2 data was acquired with image scene observation during the peak low tide on 30 July 2018 from Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. The forest parameters namely tree height and diameter at breast height were measured from 71 field plots in September-October 2018. The parameters were used in mangrove allometry to calculate the field AGB. Finally, HV polarized backscatter coefficients of PALSAR-2 were used to model AGB using linear regression. The model demonstrated a comparatively high performance using three distinct methods viz. independent validation (R² of 0.89 and RMSE of 23.16 tons ha⁻¹), random k-fold cross validation (R² of 0.89 and RMSE of 24.59 tons ha⁻¹) and leave location out cross validation (LLO CV) (R² of 0.88 and RMSE of 24.05 tons ha⁻¹). The high accuracy of the LLO CV indicates no spatial overfitting in the model. Thus, the model based on LLO CV was used to map AGB in the study area. This is the first study that successfully obtains high accuracy in modeling AGB in the mangrove forest. Therefore, it offers a significant contribution to the MRV mechanism for monitoring mangrove forests in the tropics and sub-tropics.     

基于 FAREAST 模型的青海云杉中-幼龄林生物量 碳沿海拔梯度分布特征

为预测未来青海云杉在不同海拔梯度上的分布范围,基于 FAREAST 模型,对祁连山西部、 中部和东部 3 个站点的青海云衫（Picea crassifolia）中-幼龄林（0～60 a）生物量碳的海拔分布特征进 行模拟。结果表明：（1）在同一站点,青海云杉幼苗幼树生物量碳在中间海拔分布最多,集中在海 拔 2 800～3 100 m 之间,此范围以外,生物量碳随之减少。（2）不同站点比较,青海云杉幼苗幼树平 均生物量碳在祁连山中部最高,达到 27.48 ± 5.51 t·C·hm-2,其次为东部的 24.56 ± 3.50 t·C·hm-2 和 西部的 23.80 ± 2.07 t·C·hm-2。（3）青海云杉幼苗幼树分布的海拔范围约在 2 500～3 400 m 之间,但 不同站点间存在差异。模拟得出,祁连山区青海云杉幼苗幼树生物量碳分布存在最佳海拔区间 2 800～3 100 m,高于或低于该区间时,青海云杉的生长和更新过程将会受到限制。祁连山中部青 海云杉幼苗幼树生物量碳高于东部和西部,表明中部是青海云杉生长和潜在分布的最佳区域,导 致东、西部区域更新较差的原因可能是由于东部受人类活动的影响更加频繁,而西部山区则可能 更易受干旱胁迫的影响。