川中丘陵区人工桤柏混交林根呼吸对土壤总呼吸的贡献

采用挖壕沟法和根系生物量外推法对桤柏混交林地根呼吸在土壤总呼吸的贡献进行了为期1 a的对比研究。研究表明,两种方法测得的根呼吸平均速率分别为0.64μmol CO2/（m^2.s）和0.54μmol CO2/（m^2.s）,挖壕沟法高于根系生物量外推法的测定结果。两种方法计算的根呼吸占土壤呼吸的比例具有明显的季节变化,均表现为夏季（5～6月）较高而冬季（1～2月）较低,变化范围分别为13%～51%、11%～56%,平均分别为34%和31%;林木生长季节根呼吸比例均高于非生长季,两种方法测定的林木生长季根呼吸比例分别为41%和38%。方差分析表明两种方法测定根呼吸比例之间差异不显著（p〉0.05）。     

机器学习算法在森林地上生物量估算中的应用

森林地上生物量是森林生产力的重要评价指标,对其进行高效监测对维持全球碳平衡和保护生态系统具有重要意义。本文首先基于冠层高度模型数据,通过分水岭分割算法得到单木冠幅边界;然后在单木冠幅范围内提取23个LiDAR变量,结合佩诺布斯科特试验森林的87组实测数据,利用随机森林和支持向量机建立森林地上生物量估算模型;最后对样地模型估算的结果进行了比较,讨论了预测结果及其精度。结果表明:本文选用的随机森林模型和支持向量机模型在估算森林地上生物量的应用中获得了较高的精度;并且,随机森林模型在基于机载雷达数据估测森林地上生物量中的估算精度更高,模型泛化能力更强,制图精度也更好,具有更好的适用性。     

基于遥感藻总量和气象因子的巢湖不同湖区藻华预测

湖泊能为人类提供不可或缺的资源,而全球普遍存在的湖泊富营养化导致的藻华频繁暴发正不断损害湖泊生态环境服务功能.为合理保护湖泊环境和防治藻华危害,需预测藻华暴发.以我国富营养巢湖为研究区,本文构建了一种基于遥感藻总量和气象因子的不同湖区藻华暴发概率预测方法.基于MODIS/Aqua数据,研究首先反演了2003—2019年日尺度的藻华分布和考虑垂向结构的水柱藻总量.然后,统计了西、中和东巢湖的藻华面积,判别了藻华/非藻华日,并匹配日平均藻总量和气象因子.最后,筛选出藻华形成的关键影响因子——藻总量、气温和水汽压,并构建了不同湖区日藻华暴发概率的Logistic预测模型.不同湖区月平均藻总量基本一致,但藻华暴发日占比呈“西高东低”特征.对西、中和东巢湖的藻华/非藻华检验样本,模型精度分别为90%、85%和89.5%,模型也适用于2020年夏秋季和冬春季藻华预测.湖泊藻华暴发是藻类大量增殖并在一定气象条件下的产物,故基于遥感藻总量和气象因子的藻华暴发概率预测科学合理,可推广应用于太湖等其他富营养湖泊.     

水体富营养化改善过程中浮游植物群落对非生物环境因子的响应:以武汉东湖为例

针对武汉东湖存在营养状态梯度的5个子湖（郭郑湖、汤菱湖、团湖、庙湖、水果湖）,结合"空间换时间"理论,研究湖泊富营养状况改善过程中浮游植物群落对环境因子的响应.全年调查期间,各子湖综合营养状态指数分布范围为45.4~76.8,浮游植物密度及生物量变化范围分别为2.03×10⁶~245×10⁶ cells/L和0.819~19.9 mg/L.冗余分析结果显示,浮游植物的物种分布与水温、总氮、透明度、总溶解性固体、氨氮呈显著相关.采用多元逐步回归分析构建浮游植物密度、生物量与环境因子之间的最优响应方程,结果显示,总氮、水温是影响浮游植物密度的主要因子;对于浮游植物生物量而言,总磷、总氮浓度降低能够降低浮游植物生物量.通过对富营养程度改善进程中浮游植物群落组成的动态变化进行分析,发现浮游植物密度及生物量显著下降,但物种组成及生物多样性并未发生明显转变.此外,浮游植物物种多样性与水体富营养水平梯度并不呈现简单的线性相关.因此,在对富营养化湖泊进行修复时,应制定短期修复与长期维护双重措施,同时应重视生物多样性的重建,进而达到理想的修复效果.     

沙漠公路防护林凋落物量、组成及动态

凋落物由植物产生并最终归还给土壤,为分解者提供物质和能量的来源。以塔克拉玛干沙漠公路沿线防护林为对象,2014年对各林龄防护林内的凋落物量、凋落物组成及动态变化进行研究。结果表明：沙漠公路8、10、13、16、19 a防护林年总凋落量分别为8 301.96、9 089.71、10 540.64、6 184.70、7 929.95 kg·hm^-2。各林龄防护林凋落物组成均以乔木状沙拐枣（Calligonum arborescens）同化枝、梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）同化枝和多枝柽柳（Tamarix ramosissima）枝凋落物占的比例最大,3种凋落物总量占年总凋落量的比例分别为89.05%、79.16%、75.28%、78.75%、81.14%。各凋落物组分在不同林龄间差异显著（P<0.05）。不同林龄防护林皆表现出春、秋季凋落量高,夏、冬季凋落量低的季节动态。各林龄防护林凋落物总量及主要凋落物的凋落量月动态变化曲线均呈现三峰型,在3—5月、7月和9—11月出现峰值,叶、果和其他的凋落量呈不规则变化,花只在4—8月凋落。     

Influences of various grazing systems on community biomass of a desert grassland in Inner Mongolia, China

This study investigated the effects of various grazing systems, including continuous grazing, rotational grazing, and no-grazing systems, on the community biomass in the Stipa breviflora Griseb desert grassland during the grazing seasons in 2005, 2006, and 2007, based on study sites established in 1999. We found that the seasonal dynamics of the aboveground biomass were quite similar among the three treatments, which reached peak values in period from August to September during each study year. The continuous grazing system reduced the aboveground biomass from 2005 to 2007 under drought conditions, and the rotational grazing and no-grazing systems maintained more aboveground biomass than the continuous grazing system did. The belowground biomass declined with the increase of soil depth among the three treatments, and in the surface 20-cm soil layer it accounted for more than 60% of the total biomass. The belowground biomass was found to be highly correlated with soil depth under rotational grazing. The total belowground biomass within the 0–100-cm soil layer for rotational grazing was significantly higher than for continuous grazing and no-grazing, and had 15,775 kg/ha more biomass. Our results demonstrate that conservative rotational grazing can alleviate grassland deterioration by reserving more aboveground and belowground biomass than the continuous grazing system does.     

荒漠区食细菌线虫对生物土壤结皮下土壤微生物量的影响

为探明荒漠区土壤食细菌线虫与生物土壤结皮下土壤微生物量的关系,以腾格里沙漠东南缘的人工植被固沙区生物土壤结皮覆盖的沙丘土壤为研究对象,采集藻-地衣结皮和藓类结皮下0—10 cm土样,并以每克土壤15、30、45、60、90、120、150条的食细菌线虫密度接种,以未接种线虫的土样为对照,经一段时间的培养后测定接种和未接种食细菌线虫土壤的微生物量碳和氮。结果表明：无论藻-地衣结皮还是藓类结皮下的土壤,每克土壤90条以内的土壤食细菌线虫均可显著提高土壤微生物量碳和氮（P<0.05）,但随着土壤食细菌线虫的繁殖或过量接种,其与土壤微生物量之间呈现出由正相关性向负相关性的转变;此外,结皮类型也显著影响土壤微生物量碳和氮的含量（P<0.05）,发育晚期的藓类结皮下土壤微生物量碳和氮均高于发育早期的藻-地衣结皮。因此,在腾格里沙漠人工植被固沙区藻-地衣结皮和藓类结皮下,一定密度的土壤食细菌线虫能显著提高土壤微生物量,指示适当密度的土壤食细菌线虫可促进荒漠区土壤修复和改良。     

Effects of Forest Types and Environmental Factors on Soil Microbial Biomass in a Coastal Sand Dune of Subtropical China

Coastal sand dune ecosystems generally have infertile soil with low water-holding capacity and high salinity. However, many plant species have adapted to the harsh sand environment along the southeastern coast of China. Studying the microbial biomass in such an ecosystem can improve our understanding of the roles that microbes play in soil fertility and nutrient cycling. We investigated the differences in soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN) contents and their seasonal dynamics in five forest types (a secondary forest and plantations of Casuarinas, Pine, Acacia, and Eucalyptus). The results indicated that the seasonal variations of soil MBC and MBN contents in all five forest stands were higher in spring and winter, but lower in summer and autumn. The MBC content was lower in the Casuarinas plantation than in the other plantations in the same soil layer. However, no significant differences were observed in MBN contents among the different forest types. The MBC and MBN concentrations were positively correlated with soil moisture, but negatively correlated with soil temperature. The MBC and MBN contents also decreased with increasing soil depth. Across all soil layers, secondary forest had the highest MBC and MBN concentrations. Our study also showed that the MBC and MBN contents were positively affected by total soil carbon (TC), pH, and litter N content, but were negatively impacted by soil bulk density and litter C content. Moreover, the MBN content was positively correlated with root N content. In summary, environmental factors and the differences in litter and fine roots, soil nutrient contents, as well as the soil physical and chemical properties caused by different tree species collectively affected the concentrations of the soil MBC and MBN.     

基于树木年轮信息的江西千烟洲人工林碳蓄积分析

作者设计和实现了基于树木年轮信息动态估算树木材积生长量模型TGTRing.利用该模型动态估算了中国红壤丘陵典型区千烟洲三种人工林乔木层的生物量和碳蓄积量.结果表明:马尾松的年生物量和碳蓄积量的增长曲线分别在林分年龄17年和18年左右开始出现拐点,湿地松、杉木的年生物量和碳蓄积量则均在林分年龄15年左右开始出现拐点;20年的单位面积生物量和碳蓄积量杉木林最高,分别为171.697 t/hm2和92.29 tc/hm2,其次为湿地松林,分别为147.639 t/hm2(未割脂)和135.743 t/hm2(割脂)、80.18 tc/hm2(未割脂)和73.72tc/hm2(割脂),马尾松林最低,为133.84 t/hm2和73.92 tc/hm2;平均年生物量和碳蓄积量杉木林最高,分别为8.58 t/hm2/yr和4.61 tc/hm2/yr;湿地松林次之,未割脂和割脂湿地松林生物量分别为7.38和6.76 t/hm2/yr、碳蓄积分别为4.01和3.69 tc/hm2/yr;马尾松林最低,分别为6.69 t/hm2/yr和3.70 tc/hm2/yr;到2006年为止,千烟洲马尾松林乔木层总生物量和碳蓄积量分别为3324.43 t、14156.64 tc,杉木林分别1326.97 t、713.27 tc:湿地松林按未割脂算分别为14156.64 t和7688.21 tc,按割脂算分别为13015.97 t和7068.78 tc;千烟洲湿地松人工林因为割脂原因,乔木层总生物量损失1140.67 t,总碳蓄积量损失619.43 tc.