塔里木河下游荒漠植物多样性、地上生物量与地下水埋深的关系

样带是研究植物群落沿环境因子梯度变化的重要方法。用样带法研究了塔里木河下游荒漠植被群落物种多样性和地上生物量在垂直河道方向随地下水埋深梯度变化的关系。结果表明：（1）样带植物群落物种多样性与地下水埋深极显著负线性相关（P〈0.01）,Margalaf指数、Pielou指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数均随地下水埋深增大而减小,地下水埋深是影响群落组成和物种多样性的重要因素。（2）单一乔木层、灌木层、草本层地上生物量和乔灌草地上总生物量与地下水埋深均极显著负相关（P〈0.01）,地下水埋深从3 m增大到7 m时,地上总生物量由912.2 g·m^-2减少到不足30 g·m^-2,地下水埋深是制约荒漠植被地上生物量和分布的主要因素。（3）群落多样性与地上生物量之间显著正线性相关（P〈0.05）,即随多样性增加,地上生物量呈增加趋势。     

Temporal Variations in Growth and Aboveground Biomass of Phragmites australis and EVI Analysis in Jiaozhou Bay Coastal Salt Marshes,China

To better ascertain leaf, stem and flower traits, and analyze aboveground allocation during the vegetation period, three sampling vegetation transects were settled and reed samples were collected at intervals to determine morphological parameters and dry and wet weights in Jiaozhou Bay wetland. Remote sensing data were also combined to evaluate regional biomass through EVI regression models. Results show that growth dynamics of leaves and stems changed during the vegetation period. Stem length increased rapidly and peaked in September (194.40 ± 23.89 cm), whereas leaf width peaked in July. There was a significantly negative correlation between stem length and stem diameter with a value of -0.785. Stem biomass was higher than that of leaves, and the maximum value of aboveground biomass was 27.17 ± 3.56 g. F/C exhibited a tendency to increase and values ranged from 0.37-0.76. The aboveground biomass of sample plots reached a peak of 2356 ± 457 g/m² in September. EVI was 0.05-0.5; EVI and biomass had a better fitting effect using the power-exponent model compared with other models and its function was y = 4219.30 x^0.88 (R² = 0.7810). R² of the other three models ranked as linear function > polynomial function > exponent function, with the values being 0.7769, 0.7623 and 0.6963, respectively. EVI can be used to estimate vegetation biomass, and effectively solved the problems of the destructive effect to sample plots resulting from traditional harvest methods.     

西鄂尔多斯地区5种荒漠优势灌丛生物量分配格局及预测模型

以西鄂尔多斯地区5种荒漠优势灌丛（沙冬青（Ammopiptanthus mogolicus）、四合木（Tetraena mongolica）、霸王（Zygophyllum xanthoxylum）、红砂（Reaumuria songarica）、半日花（Helianthemum songaricum））为研究对象,采用平均标准灌丛全部收获法测定灌丛各营养器官（枝条、叶片、根系）生物量,并分别以丛高（H）和冠幅（C）的复合因子（CH）及基径（D）和丛高（H）的复合因子（D²H）为自变量建立单株灌丛生物量预测模型。通过决定系数（R²）、估计值的标准误差（SEE）和F检验显著水平筛选出各灌丛种最佳生物量预测模型。结果表明：（1）5种荒漠灌丛单株总生物量干鲜比差异性显著（P<0.05）,各营养器官间差异性也达到显著水平（P<0.05）;灌丛根冠比种间差异显著（P<0.05）,红砂（1.05）> 霸王（1.01）> 半日花（0.92）> 沙冬青（0.90）> 四合木（0.49）;（2）根系和枝条是荒漠灌丛生物量的主要贡献者,其生物量占灌丛总生物量比例之和均在80%以上,根系生物量分配随根系径级的增加而增加;（3）5种荒漠优势灌丛单株灌丛生物量预测模型R²值均在0.85以上,且在0.05水平上显著,生物量模型预测精度较高。     

洪河自然保护区乌拉苔草生物量高光谱遥感估算模型

尝试用不同方法构建洪河自然保护区湿地植被乌拉苔草(Carex meyeriana)的高光谱植被指数,建立水上鲜/干生物量高光谱估算模型,并比较了不同模型的反演精度。通过实测不同覆盖度和水深状况下乌拉苔草的冠层高光谱反射率与水上生物量的数据,采用高光谱可见光—近红外波段及其微分光谱波段(350~1 050 nm)逐波段构建FNDVI、FRVI、FDVI、FDNDVI、FDRVI、FDDVI植被指数,分别找出与水上鲜生物量和干生物量具有最佳相关性波段组合的植被指数,建立乌拉苔草水上生物量的最佳估算模型,并对比分析了反射率光谱植被指数(FNDVI、FRVI、FDVI)模型和微分光谱植被指数(FDNDVI、FDRVI、FDDVI)模型的反演精度。结果显示,微分光谱与乌拉苔草水上生物量的相关性比反射率光谱好;微分光谱植被指数与乌拉苔草水上生物量的相关性比反射率光谱植被指数好,尤其以微分光谱植被指数FDRVI与FDNDVI建立的二次函数模型反演乌拉苔草的水上鲜生物量和干生物量的效果最好,精度分别达74.9%、71.4%,其均方根误差分别为0.074 4和0.026 2,通过了p<0.01极显著验证。这表明,采用微分光谱植被指数FDRVI、FDNDVI对乌拉苔草水上鲜生物量和干生物量的估算可以取得较高的预测精度。     

气候变化对小麦生物量影响的概率预测和不确定性分析

气候变化对农业生产的影响和适应一直是学界关注的重点。但是,由于气候模式输出、排放情景、尺度转换、模型参数化等研究过程中存在的不确定性,往往导致研究结果也存在较大的不确定性。为减少研究结果的不确定性,本研究综合了IPCC 四个排放情景(A1FI、A2、B1、B2) 以及5 个全球气候模式(HadCM3, PCM, CGCM2, CSIRO2, ECHAM4) 的输出结果,基于英国CRU 气候中心的20 个未来情景数据库,生成全球平均温度升高1℃(GMT+1D)、2℃ (GMT+2D)、3℃ (GMT+3D) 下研究站点的气候日值中值情景数据,利用过程模型CERES-Wheat 和概率预测方法研究CO₂肥效作用和GMT+1D、GMT+2D、GMT+3D对我国小麦主产区小麦生物量的影响。研究结果表明:CO₂肥效作用可以补偿由于温度升高而造成的小麦生物量减产且补偿作用随着温度的升高而增加。当有CO₂肥效作用时,灌溉小麦和雨养小麦生物量均增加,且随着温度的升高生物量的增长程度增大,相同情景下,雨养小麦生物量的增高概率大于灌溉小麦。当不考虑CO₂肥效作用时,灌溉小麦和雨养小麦生物量均降低,且灌溉小麦生物量减产的概率大于雨养小麦减产概率。     

不同取样单元对干旱区绿洲小麦地上生物量光谱估算模型的影响

为了更好地了解小麦高光谱特征与其地上生物量的关系,采用美国ASD公司手持便携式野外光谱仪（ASD Fieldspec HandHeld）在甘肃河西绿洲进行了小麦高光谱遥感地面观测。运用单变量线性和非线性回归分析方法,以不同绿洲为取样单元,建立4种NDVI-小麦地上生物量（ANPP）的地面光谱模型。研究结果表明,各模型均达到极显著检验水平（小样区:α=0.01,n=20;大样区:α=0.01,n=34）,通过对各个模型进行误差分析,确定基于同一绿洲和不同绿洲单元构建的最优光谱模型均为指数函数模型。其中,张掖绿洲、酒泉绿洲和河西绿洲模型分别为ANPP=0.1567e12.568NDVI(R2=0.8123)、ANPP=0.4082e11.108NDVI(R2=0.8321) 和ANPP=17.255e5.4326NDVI(R2=0.7369)。基于同一绿洲（小样区）构建的小麦光谱生物量预测模型在不同绿洲之间可以通用,但不能用于河西绿洲小麦估产;河西绿洲小麦估产要借助不同绿洲小样区构建的小麦光谱生物量模型进行预测。     

城市森林主要植被类型碳储量研究——以崇明岛为例

以崇明岛为研究区域,采用野外样方调查和实验室模拟相结合方法,研究崇明岛主要植被类型碳储量。结果表明:(1) 崇明岛不同森林植被类型其碳储量是不同,从大到小的排序为水杉、柳杉,黑松等针叶树为主的植被,其次是阔叶树林,最后香樟林;(2) 崇明岛的植被碳储量的分布有很大的空间差异性,主要分布在河流两岸、道路两侧以及居民区等;(3) 崇明岛主要植被类型的碳储量为491 212.16 Mg,平均碳密度为18.70 Mg/hm²,低于中国和世界的平均水平;(4) 根据本研究结果和存在的问题,就未来的发展方向进行讨论。     

青岛沧口潮间带小型底栖生物的时空分布研究

于2008年7、10月,2009年1、4月对青岛沧口潮间带进行了小型底栖生物调查。结果表明,小型底栖生物的年平均丰度为(936.02±565.31)ind.10cm-2,平均生物量为(561.89±322.57)μg.10cm-2(干重)。共鉴定出10个类群,线虫在丰度上占绝对优势(95.41%),按生物量,线虫占63.58%,多毛类居次,占13.21%。丰度有潮区差异,生物量呈现季节和潮区差异。在垂直分布上,表层0～4层分布最多(42.57%),向深层呈现递减趋势,并且垂直分布表现出季节变化。高潮带春季表层的小型底栖动物数量百分比最高,冬季表层的数量百分比显著的低于其他3个季节。相反,中潮带冬季表层数量百分比却明显高于其他3个季节。Pearson相关分析未表明小型底栖生物总丰度和环境因子的显著相关。但对各层的小型底栖生物丰度和环境因子的Pearson相关分析表明,0～4cm的小型底栖生物丰度和叶绿素及中值粒径显著相关,8～12cm的小型底栖生物丰度和中值粒径显著相关。BIOENV分析表明,能够解释小型底栖动物空间分布的的最佳环境因子组合为有机质、中值粒径和含沙量。     

The decline process and major pathways of Microcystis bloom in Taihu Lake, China

Eutrophication has become a serious concern in many lakes, resulting in cyanobacterial blooms. However, the mechanism and pathways of cyanobacteria decline are less understood. To identify and define the growth and decline of Microcystis blooms in Taihu Lake of China, and to illuminate the destination of surface floating blooms, we investigated the biomass distribution and variations in colony size, morphology, and floating velocity from October 2008 to September 2009. The results showed that the Microcystis bloom declined in response to biomass decrease, colony disaggregation, buoyancy reduction, and increased phytoplankton biodiversity, and these indicative parameters could be applied for recognition of the development phases of the bloom. Three major decline pathways were proposed to describe the bloom decline process, colony disaggregation (Pathway Ⅰ), colony settlement (Pathway Ⅱ), and cell lysis in colonies (Pathway Ⅲ). We proposed a strategy to define the occurrence and decline of Microcystis blooms, to evaluate the survival state under different stress conditions, and to indicate the efficiency of controlling countermeasures against algal blooms.     

Rotifer community structure and assessment of water quality in Yangcheng Lake

Rotifer community structure was investigated in Yangcheng Lake in 2008. Dominant species and species diversity indices were determined and QB/T was used to assess water quality. The annual average density and biomass of the rotifers in Yangcheng Lake was 2 894 ± 1 006 ind./L and 12.47 ± 10.28 mg/L, respectively. The highest densities were observed in the western portion of the lake in March, but the highest biomass occurred in inflowing creeks in September. Within a year of monitoring in Yangcheng Lake, 93 species were identified and the dominant species were found to be Polyarthra trigla, Brachionus angularis, Keratella cochlearis, Keratella valga, Brachionus calyciflorus, and Filinia major. Of the species recorded, 75 were pollution indicator species. Density and biomass exhibited significant positive correlations with water temperature (R = 0.209, P = 0.003; R = 0.446, P = 0.000), but the peak density showed two lags in response to chl a. According to the Jaccard similarity index (SJ), the greatest similarity among dominant species occurred between creeks and the eastern part of the lake. The annual average Shannon-Wiener diversity index H’, Margalef richness index D and Pielou evenness index J were 1.96 ± 0.34, 1.61 ± 0.50 and 0.77 ± 0.10, respectively. In all four areas of Yangcheng Lake, β- mesosaprobic species comprised the largest share of pollution indicator species. These data suggest that Yangcheng Lake is mesosaprobic.