Seasonal and spatial distributions of phytoplankton biomass associated with monsoon and oceanic environments in the South China Sea

Seasonal variations of phytoplankton/chlorophyll-a （Chl-a） distribution, sea surface wind, sea height anomaly, sea surface temperature and other oceanic environments for long periods are analyzed in the South China Sea （SCS）, especially in the two typical regions off the east coast of Vietnam and off the northwest coast of Luzon, using remote sensing data and other oceanographic data. The results show that seasonal and spatial distributions of phytoplankton biomass in the SCS are primarily influenced by the monsoon winds and oceanic environments. Off the east coast of Vietnam, Chl-a concentration is a peak in August, a jet shape extending into the interior SCS, which is associated with strong southwesterly monsoon winds, the coastal upwetling induced by offshore Ekman transport and the strong offshore current in the western SCS. In December, high Chl-a concentration appears in the upwelling region off the northwest coast of Luzon and spreads southwestward. Strong mixing by the strong northeasterly monsoon winds, the cyclonic circulation, southwestward coastal currents and river discharge have impacts on distribution of phytoplankton, so that the high phytoplankton biomass extends from the coastal areas over the northern SCS to the entire SCS in winter. These research activities could be important for revealing spatial and temporal patterns of phytoplankton and their interactions with physical environments in the SCS.     

莱州湾大型底栖动物群落结构及其动态变化特征

本文以莱州湾2009年夏季(8月)、秋季(10月)及2010年春季(5月)、夏季(8月)4个季节大型底栖动物资料为基础,对莱州湾大型底栖动物的种类组成、丰度、生物量、优势种进行了研究,同时与历史资料进行对比,探讨了莱州湾大型底栖动物的群落结构特征及动态变化。4个航次中共鉴定出大型底栖动物272种,其中包括环节动物多毛类122种,软体动物46种,甲壳动物64种,棘皮动物18种,鱼类9种,其他类13种。调查海域平均丰度为(1 102.56±216.32) ind./m2,多毛类在丰度上占绝对优势;平均生物量为(28.16±8.45) g/m2,软体动物占据优势。丰度和生物量空间分布规律具有很强的相似性,低值区位于莱州湾西部黄河口邻近海域,高值区位于渤海中部海域。丰度和生物量季节变化明显,夏季最高,秋季其次,春季最低。多毛类不倒翁虫(Sternaspis sculata)、寡鳃齿吻沙蚕(Nephthys oligobranchia)、紫壳阿文蛤(Alvenius ojianus)等是莱州湾调查海域的优势种。通过与历史资料的对比发现,莱州湾大型底栖动物种类组成及优势种类出现小型化的趋势。     

基于无人机遥感的黄海绿潮搁浅生物量估算

浒苔在近岸搁浅后会破坏海岸景观,干扰水上运动,给滨海旅游业造成严重影响。本文使用无人机搭载的多光谱和可见光传感器对山东半岛的海阳、乳山和文登的三个海滩搁浅的浒苔进行航拍监测,并结合地物光谱测量数据,分别选择归一化植被指数(NDVI)、差值植被指数(DVI)和虚拟基线高度浮藻指数(VB-FAH)对海滩搁浅浒苔与岸边植被及非植被(海水、沙滩)进行识别评估,并分别估算了三个研究区搁浅浒苔的生物量。研究结果表明:NDVI可以识别植被和非植被,但无法区分潮间带上部和潮间带下部分布的浒苔;DVI和VB-FAH对植被和非植被的区分度不高,但对不同分布的搁浅浒苔具有一定的区分度,其中, DVI对潮间带上部和潮间带下部分布浒苔的识别能力优于VB-FAH。因此,通过对岸边植被进行腌膜,利用DVI构建海滩搁浅浒苔生物量估算模型,实现了海滩搁浅浒苔生物量的估算。海阳、乳山和文登三个海滩搁浅浒苔的生物量分别为1 468 t、745 t和5 034 t,本文提出的方法可以为搁浅浒苔的清理和资源合理分配提供技术支持。     

Biomass and estimated productivity of the benthic macrofauna in the New York Bight: A stressed coastal area

Waste disposal in the apex of the New York Bight has resulted in the contamination of sediments by toxic chemicals and some alteration to the community composition of the benthic macrofauna. The significance of these alterations to other communities in the area, e.g. its fishery resources, has not been clearly demonstrated. This paper presents data on an extensive survey of the macrofauna biomass, that many fish and lobster feed on, in the waste disposal impacted areas of the apex, using samples from both 1973 and 1980–1982. Variable mean production to biomass (P:B) ratios were used to estimate secondary production from the biomass of each major taxon. The macrofaunal biomass (wet wt.) of most of the apex area impacted by waste disposal was relatively high, with a mean biomass of 127 g m^?2 for 1973 and 344 g m^?2 for 1980–1982. Estimated secondary production was also high, being 201 Kcal m^?2 year^?1 in 1973 and 383 Kcal m^?2 year^?1 in 1980–1982. These values suggest there has been no inhibition of at least biomass, as the values were similar to or greater than values found in other areas of the Bight with similar bathymetric characteristics.     

Responses of aboveground biomass of alpine grasslands to climate changes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Aboveground biomass in grasslands of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has displayed an overall increasing trend during 2003-2016, which is profoundly influenced by climate change. However, the responses of different biomes show large discrepancies, in both size and magnitude. By applying partial least squares regression, we calculated the correlation between peak aboveground biomass and mean monthly temperature and monthly total precipitation in the preceding 12 months for three different grassland types (alpine steppe, alpine meadow, and temperate steppe) on the central and eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The results showed that mean temperature in most preceding months was positively correlated with peak aboveground biomass of alpine meadow and alpine steppe, while mean temperature in the preceding October and February to June was significantly negatively correlated with peak aboveground biomass of temperate steppe. Precipitation in all months had a promoting effect on biomass of alpine meadow, but its correlations with biomass of alpine steppe and temperate steppe were inconsistent. It is worth noting that, in a warmer, wetter climate, peak aboveground biomass of alpine meadow would increase more than that of alpine steppe, while that of temperate steppe would decrease significantly, providing support for the hypothesis of conservative growth strategies by vegetation in stressed ecosystems.     

Forest classification and impact of BIOMASS resolution on forest area and aboveground biomass estimation

The European Space Agency (ESA) is currently implementing the BIOMASS mission as 7th Earth Explorer satellite. BIOMASS will provide for the first time global forest aboveground biomass estimates based on P-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. This paper addresses an often overlooked element of the data processing chain required to ensure reliable and accurate forest biomass estimates: accurate identification of forest areas ahead of the inversion of radar data into forest biomass estimates.The use of the P-band data from BIOMASS itself for the classification into forest and non-forest land cover types is assessed in this paper. For airborne data in tropical, hemi-boreal and boreal forests we demonstrate that classification accuracies from 90 up to 97% can be achieved using radar backscatter and phase information. However, spaceborne data will have a lower resolution and higher noise level compared to airborne data and a higher probability of mixed pixels containing multiple land cover types. Therefore, airborne data was reduced to 50 m, 100 m and 200 m resolution. The analysis revealed that about 50–60% of the area within the resolution level must be covered by forest to classify a pixel with higher probability as forest compared to non-forest. This results in forest omission and commission leading to similar forest area estimation over all resolutions. However, the forest omission resulted in a biased underestimated biomass, which was not equaled by the forest commission. The results underline the necessity of a highly accurate pre-classification of SAR data for an accurate unbiased aboveground biomass estimation.     

Phytoplankton structure, composition and production in saline water-bodies in the Lower Amu Dar'ya

Phytoplankton and its production in water-bodies of the lower Amu Dar'ya were investigated in 1984–1989. The structure and functional nature of the phytoplankton in the water-bodies studied were analogous to those of the littoral zone of eutrophic lakes, considering hydrological and hydrochemical conditions. The very high average annual P/B ratios (453–582) are considered as regional features, namely high light intensity and prolonged light period, the salinity usual for saline waters under anthropogenic influence, the frequent and discrete income of nutrients in drainage water and from sediments.     

Temporal changes in pelagic copepod assemblages off Ubatuba,Brazil

The inner shelf waters off Southeastern Brazil are periodically enriched by bottom intrusions of the cold and nutrient‐rich South Atlantic Central Water (SACW), which is transported offshore by the Brazil Current. This study examined the temporal contrasts in abundance and structure of pelagic copepod assemblages in a neritic station off Ubatuba, in relation to hydrography and phytoplankton biomass, to investigate the effects of SACW bottom intrusions on copepod population dynamics during three consecutive years. The water‐column characteristics shifted from a well‐mixed, more turbid and phytoplankton‐poor scenario during subsidence conditions to a stratified, less turbid and high Chl‐a concentration scenario during SACW bottom intrusions, leading to increased copepod diversity, abundance, and biomass. The rise in copepod diversity during SACW intrusions was related to the contribution of oceanic species in addition to coastal water species. The copepod community was numerically dominated by small‐sized species, such as Oncaea waldemari, Oithona plumifera, and clausocalanid and paracalanid copepodids, regardless of seasonality and SACW intrusions. Some large calanoid species contributed considerably to the total copepod biomass during intrusions. In addition to confirming that SACW seasonal intrusions play a key role in pelagic processes off Southeast Brazil, this study showed that the multiannual variability of SACW seasonal intrusions is important in regulating the structure and dynamics of copepod communities in this subtropical area.     

夏季南极长城湾海流变化特征及其对浮游植物生物量的影响

通过对2010/2011年夏季南极长城湾叶绿素a浓度和海流等环境参数的传感器连续观测;研究其时空变化特征及海流对浮游植物生物量的影响。结果表明;12.9 m水层叶绿素a浓度从12月中旬开始增长;直至2月上旬开始维持相对稳定;期间出现两个高值点（2.74 μg/L和3.76 μg/L）。叶绿素a浓度表现出了24 h周期变化特征;每日叶绿素a浓度最高值出现在正午前后时段的概率要高于其他时段。表层海水受西北风影响;流速较大;约为60~100 cm/s;中层和底层水体流速较小;约为10 cm/s。表层的风海流使海水在长城湾发生辐散;下层海水向上涌升;驱动了水体的垂直交换。长城湾与麦克斯韦尔湾存在水体交换;水体主要从中层进入湾内;从表层输出。长城湾的叶绿素a浓度与流速呈显著负相关;表明低流速环境有利于长城湾浮游植物的生长。     

北黄海獐子岛附近海域大型底栖动物数量分布和季节变化

根据2009年8月至2010年6月4个季度月(夏、秋、冬、春季),对位于北黄海獐子岛附近海域所设的13个站进行的大型底栖动物生态调查所获得的资料,对该海域大型底栖动物的种数、密度和生物量的组成及季节变化进行分析研究,采用Shannon-Wiener指数(H’)、物种丰富度指数(D)和物种均匀度指数(J)分析该该海域大型底栖动物的物种多样性;并研究了该海域的次级生产力和P/B值的空间分布和季节变化。结果表明,北黄海獐子岛附近海域大型底栖动物全年总种数、年平均栖息密度和年平均生物量分别为211种、699.415个/m2和98.927 g/m2。各季度的种数(S)、平均密度D (个/m2)和平均生物量B (g/m2)的季节变化分别为: S春季(121)＞S秋季(118)＞S冬季(89)＞S夏季(87),D春季(794.58)＞D秋季(766.92)＞D夏季(674.62)＞D冬季(561.54),B春季(180.271)＞B夏季(107.121)＞B秋季(70.824)＞B冬季(37.493)。全年物种多样性指数H’值、物种丰富度指数D值和物种均匀度指数J值分别为2.976、4.135和0.707,该海域大型底栖动物的夏季、秋季和春节平均密度季节变化不明显,但冬季明显较少。而平均生物量和种数的季节变化比较明显,春季较高,冬季较低。该海域的平均次级生产力为15.335g(AFDW)/(m2.a),相对较高。P/B值的平均值为1.239。