冬小麦遥感冠层温度监测土壤含水量的试验研究

在冬小麦主要生育期(2002年4月初到5月底),对不灌溉的冬小麦测定了冠层温度、地温、气温以及土壤含水量,计算了冠气温差且分析了冠层温度和冠气温差与不同土层厚度的土壤含水量相关关系。结果表明:14:00的冠层温度能较好地反映20cm土层的土壤含水量变化,但与其它各土层相关性有较大的波动性;14:00的冠气温差能较好地反映40cm以上土层的土壤含水量变化,二者的相关性很高,在20cm、40cm土层,两者相关系数R2分别为0.98866、0.99389,这为用区域遥感数据反演主要生育期冬小麦的冠气温差进而监测区域40cm土壤含水量提供了实验性的依据;拔节期和灌浆期,用14:00冠气温差来拟合各土壤层的土壤含水量有较高的精度,从而为用区域遥感数据监测区域土壤含水量提供了经验性的模型。     

Sensitivity Analysis of a Feedforward Neural Network for Considering Genetic Mechanisms of Kuroko Deposits

Exploration for volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits of the kuroko-type is underway in many places. Clarifying the spatial patterns of the metals in kuroko deposits will be useful for understanding their genetic mechanisms and for future exploration of such types of deposits. This study represents a spatial distribution analysis on the contents of principal metals of kuroko deposits: Cu, Pb, and Zn, in the Hokuroku district, northern Japan, by a feedforward neural network and 1917 sample data at 143 drillhole sites. The network, which consists of three layers, was trained by the principle of SLANS in which the numbers of neurons in the middle layer and training data are changed to improve estimation accuracy. Using the weight coefficients connecting adjacent neurons, sensitivity analysis of the neural network was carried out to identify factors influencing spatial distributions of the three metals. The coordinates depth (z) direction, Bouguer gravity, and specific lithology such as dacite were determined to be influencing factors. The high frequency of the z coordinate signifies that the metal contents differ to a large extent by depth. The sensitivity vector was defined using sensitivity coefficients for x, y, and z coordinates of an estimation point. We determined that the directions of large vectors were different inside and outside of the Hanawa-Ohdate area. This characteristic is considered to originate from the differences in the permeability of fractures that became the paths for rising ore solutions, and the depths that the solutions mixed with sea water.     

Influence of fines content on the anti-frost properties of coarse-grained soil

This paper aims to determine the optimal fines content of coarse-grained soil required to simultaneously achieve weaker frost susceptibility and better bearing capacity. We studied the frost susceptibility and strength properties of coarse-grained soil by means of frost heaving tests and static triaxial tests, and the results are as follows:(1) the freezing temperature of coarse-grained soil decreased gradually and then leveled off with incremental increases in the percent content of fines; (2) the fines content proved to be an important factor influencing the frost heave susceptibility and strength properties of coarse-grained soil. With incremental increases in the percent content of fines, the frost heave ratio increased gradually and the cohesion function of fines effectively enhanced the shear strength of coarse-grained soil before freeze-thaw, but the frost susceptibility of fines weakened the shear strength of coarse-grained soil after freeze-thaw; (3) with increasing numbers of freeze-thaw cycles,the shear strength of coarse-grained soil decreased and then stabilized after the ninth freeze-thaw cycle, and therefore the mechanical indexes of the ninth freeze-thaw cycle are recommended for the engineering design values; and (4) considering frost susceptibility and strength properties as a whole, the optimal fines content of 5% is recommended for railway subgrade coarse-grained soil fillings in frozen regions.     

通过改变光热条件分析胡杨群落光合作用对土壤呼吸速率的影响

结合干旱环境下塔里木河下游地区胡杨群落长势、土壤呼吸、土壤水分、温度的实时监测资料,通过改变光热条件对胡杨群落进行人工遮阴控制,分析植物群落长势对土壤呼吸速率的影响,同时对不同光环境下胡杨群落土壤呼吸速率变化特征及其影响因素进行了探讨。结果表明,胡杨群落土壤呼吸速率日变化呈现多峰值曲线,但最大值集中出现在12:00—16:00之间,最低值出现在早上08:00和晚上20:00;植物群落长势很大程度上决定着土壤呼吸速率的大小;胡杨群落土壤呼吸的日变化与水热因子之间联系存在很大的不确定性,但在很大程度上受植物新近合成同化产物控制。     

吉林省春季土壤水分分布特征及影响因素分析

利用2003~2010年吉林省春季土壤含水率数据及相关数据,采用常规统计方法、地统计学方法和基于地理信息系统的空间分析方法,讨论吉林省春季土壤水分分布特征,并对其影响因素进行初步分析。结果表明,吉林省春季0~30 cm土壤平均含水率总体上呈由西向东逐渐增加的趋势,空间差异性显著,其中10 cm深度土壤含水率空间差异最大;土壤层之间的距离越近,土壤含水率的相关性越好,东部10 cm深度与其他层次土壤含水率的相关性好于中西部,中部相比东部和西部而言,各层次之间土壤含水率相关性最差。研究还发现,田间持水量和降水量是影响吉林省土壤含水率分布的主要因素,受土壤、气候等自然要素的空间异质性影响,田间持水量对中部和东部的土壤含水率影响更大,而降水对中部和西部的土壤含水率影响更大。     

地理空间数据本质特征语义相关度计算模型

关联数据是跨网域整合多源异构地理空间数据的有效方式,语义丰富的关联是准确、快速发现目标数据的关键。根据地理空间数据在空间、时间、内容上的语义关系,提出地理空间数据本质特征语义相关度计算模型。通过构建本质特征的关联指标体系,分层次逐级计算地理空间数据的语义相关度。与传统的语义相关度计算方式不同,以地理元数据为语料库,充分考虑地理空间数据的特点及空间、时间、内容在检索中不同的重要程度,分别采用几何运算、数值运算、词语语义相似度计算和类别层次相关度计算的方式,构建地理空间数据的语义相关度计算模型。该模型具有构建简单、适用于多源异构数据、充分结合了数学运算和专家经验知识等特点。实验表明：模型能够有效地计算地理空间数据本质特征的语义相关度,并具备一定的扩展性。     

沙地果树节水渗灌技术的试验研究

果树渗灌是灌溉水通过特殊的透性材料持续缓慢地渗入并浸润土壤，借助土壤毛管水运动原理向果树根系供水。干旱地区沙地渗灌能有效地减少地表蒸发、避免无效渗漏造成的水分损失，提高灌溉水利用率，从而达到节水的目的。在沙地果园采用节水渗灌技术，比传统的大水漫灌和沟灌方式分别节水８３．１％和６３．１％。     

Limnic Responses to Increased Effective Humidity during the 8200 cal. yr BP Cooling Event in Southern Sweden

Highly resolved sediment stratigraphic and stable isotope records from a lake in south-central Sweden give evidence of relatively humid summers during the wide-spread cold event at c. 8200 cal. BP. A transient lake-level rise led to increased catchment erosion followed by enhanced phytoplankton production and disturbance of the Chara-dominated algal community. An associated increase in the deposition of organic material resulted in hypolimnetic oxygen deficit and methane formation as inferred from elevated sulphur content of the sediments and strong depletion in ¹³C of bulk organic material. In combination with dry and cold winter conditions as revealed by other proxy records, these data suggest the development of a strongly seasonal climate in northwestern Europe in response to altered atmospheric circulation at this stage. Enhanced zonal circulation with frequent cyclonic activity and increased effective humidity probably characterized the summer climate of southern and central Scandinavia, consistent with conditions inferred for continental Europe. In contrast, the winter climate was dominated by blocking high-pressure circulation, giving rise to cold and dry conditions.     

Characteristics of mineral element content of alpine vegetation in permafrost region on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The content characteristics of 16 elements (Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Sr, and Zn) in 23 plant species collected from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau permafrost region were investigated using ICP-OES. Results show that the average contents of Ca, K, Mg, Fe and P were higher than 1,000 mg/kg, those of Al, Na, Zn and Cr ranged between 10–1,000 mg/kg and those of Cu, Li, Pb and Mo were less than 10 mg/kg. The levels of Al, Ca, K, Mg and Na were within the scope of the reported terrestrial plant element content, those of Sr, Fe and Cr were higher than the average of the terrestrial plants and the maximum content of Mn was higher than the upper limit of the reported Mn content. The main character of the element content was of the Ca>K type, however, in terms of Cyperaceae species the element content character was K>Ca type. The contents of Ca, Li, Mg and Sr in Gramineae and Cyperaceae species were higher than those in other species and the contents of Ca, K, Mg, Fe, P, Al and Na in all collected plants were higher than those of other elements. Zn had weak variability with the lowest coefficient (i.e., 7.81%), while other elements had strong variability. The ratio of maximum content to minimum content indicated Ca and K had less change than other elements in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau permafrost region. Element content of alpine vegetation in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau permafrost region mainly shows a positive correlation, among which the correlation coefficient between Al and Pb, Al and Fe, Mo and Cr, Pb and Fe, Sr and Li were higher than 0.9, and negative correlation had no statistical significance. The correlation between Al and Fe, Mg, Mn in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau permafrost region were consistent with that reported in Kunlun Mountains.