多鳞鱚和锯塘鳢的生化组成及比能值研究

对厦门海区的多鳞(Sillago sihama)和锯塘鳢(Prionobutis koilomatodon)的生化组成及比能值进行了研究。结果表明,除锯塘鳢粗脂肪含量与水分含量为显著相关外(P0.05),两种鱼的粗蛋白含量、粗脂肪含量、粗灰分含量和比能值均与水分含量之间存在极显著负相关关系(P0.01);除锯塘鳢粗脂肪与比能值为显著相关外(P0.05),两种鱼的水分含量、粗蛋白质含量、粗脂肪含量、粗灰分含量和干物质含量与比能值之间均存在极显著的相关关系(P0.01)。因此,在对误差要求不严格的条件下,水分含量可以用来间接估算多鳞和锯塘鳢鱼体的生化组成和比能值,进而用于野外鱼类能量学和生态系统能流分析的研究。     

盐度骤降胁迫对大黄鱼血清生化组分的影响

以大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)为研究对象,通过研究急性低盐度胁迫对大黄鱼血清生化组分的影响,评估盐度骤降引起鱼体的应激反应。急性低盐度(15、8)胁迫下,在72h的实验周期中,大黄鱼血清葡萄糖(GLU)含量整体显著下降(P<0.05);血清总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)及球蛋白(GLB)含量在15盐度胁迫下呈波动变化,与对照组相比无显著性差异(P>0.05),8盐度胁迫下,TP含量呈显著下降后逐渐升高趋势;血清甘油三酯(TG)和总胆固醇(CHOL)含量在15盐度胁迫下均在初始阶段显著变化后逐渐恢复至对照组水平,而8低盐胁迫后二者含量均在实验后期(48 h和72 h)大幅度显著升高;血清中的丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)含量在低盐胁迫下均显著高于对照组水平,且呈现出盐度相关性。研究结果表明,急性低盐胁迫会引起鱼体应激反应,实际生产中应避免养殖环境盐度的剧烈变化。     

形态学和SNP标记分析马氏珠母贝杂交子代及其亲本群体的遗传结构

马氏珠母贝是重要的海水养殖贝类, 为了探究繁育亲本及其子代的遗传结构和关系, 本研究运用多元性形态学和SNP标记对马氏珠母贝母本深圳群体、父本海南群体和其杂交子代F1的外部形态和分子遗传结构进行分析。结果发现, 3个群体的综合判别率为72%, F1和母本群体的形态差异最小, 父本群体与母本、F1的形态差异较大。采用HRM法 (high resolution melting) 应用4个SNP位点对这3个群体进行分型, 3个群体的平均观测杂合度H_o和期望杂合度H_e分别为0.2110~0.2879和0.3317~0.4685, F1的杂合度高于两个亲本; 平均多态信息含量PIC值为0.2643~0.3556, 呈现中等程度遗传多样性。F1与母本之间的基因流N_m最大(7.7701), 遗传距离最小(0.0546), 亲缘关系最近; 两个亲本之间的N_m最小(1.9662), 遗传距离最大(0.1759)。rs8位点可以判别两个亲本群体, 可作为特异性的标记。该结果可以为马氏珠母贝群体遗传结构鉴别、育种群体管理提供指导。     

Response of Yesso scallop Patinopecten yessoensis to acute temperature challenge: physiological and biochemical parameters

Water temperature is generally considered to be a major factor af fecting the physiological and biochemical activities of marine bivalves. Here, the physiological and biochemical responses of Yesso scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis, to acute water temperature changes in summer were studied. Scallops were transferred directly to a lower temperature( T dec treatment)(from 23°C to 15°C) or to a higher temperature( Ti nc treatment)(from 15°C to 23°C) for 72 h, respectively. Results showed that the oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion rates of P. yessoensis decreased signi?cantly in the T dec treatment but increased dramatically at 6 h in the Ti nc treatment( P <0.05). In the T dec treatment, hepatopancreas antioxidant enzyme activities, superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT) activities, increased substantially within 72 h( P <0.05). However, a signi?cant decrease in CAT activity was found at 12 h in the Ti nc treatment( P <0.01).A signi?cant enhancement of acid phosphatase(ACP) activity and malondialdehyde(MDA) content was detected when scallops were acutely exposed to a temperature of 15°C. The levels of Cu/Zn-SOD gene expression in their gills up-regulated signi?cantly in response to acute temperature changes( P <0.01). These data suggest that acute temperature change af fects physiological and biochemical functions, and improve our knowledge of P. yessoensis under conditions of thermal stress.     

The Design of Treatment Wetlands in the United Kingdom: Successes, Failures, and Alternative Approaches

Constructed wetland was first introduced into the United Kingdom in the middle of 1980s,following a visit by a group of scientist to Western Germany.In the past 2 decades,the applications of constructed wetlands in this country have expanded substantially,due to the demand for green technologies and rising cost of fossil fuel energies.This paper reported a statistical investigation of the performances of 78 horizontal flow wetlands,representatives of such system in the United Kingdom.Alternative design equations,based on organic matter removal efficiency,have been developed from Monod kinetics,and the accuracy and reliability of current and alternative design approaches have been examined.     

海带早期成岩过程中形态和物质变化的实验室模拟

过实验室模拟海带的早期成岩作用过程,获得生物改造无定形体样品,观察海带形态变化,测定生化成分、碳氢 氮元素及微量重金属元素含量,为海相底栖宏观藻类的烃源岩形成过程提供现代对比实例。研究结果显示海带在模拟过程 中不断降解,到第 67 天海带细胞已经完全破碎呈无定形体状;微生物促进海带生化成分的转化,厌氧后期多糖和蛋白质含 量下降,粗脂肪含量上升到 8.16%;海带对微量重金属元素有显著的吸附解析作用,使微量元素含量波动变化。早期成岩 过程中微生物改造使海带形态朝无定体转化;有利于脂类成分的增加,利于成烃;元素变化有一定规律,但要直接利用微 量重金属元素进行油源对比可能还存在一些问题,需要进一步研究。     

Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of actual and potential respiration in two contrasting floodplains

Floodplains are vital components of river ecosystems and play an important role in carbon cycling and storage at catchment and global scales. For efficient river management and conservation, it is critical to understand the functional role of spatiotemporally complex and dynamic habitat mosaics of river floodplains. Unfortunately, the fundamental understanding of mineralization and carbon flux patterns across complex floodplains is still fragmentary. In this study, respiratory potential (i.e., electron transport system activity [ETSA]) was quantified seasonally across different aquatic and terrestrial habitats (wetted channels, gravel bars, islands, riparian forests, and grasslands) of 2 Alpine floodplains differing in climate, altitude, discharge, flow alteration intensity, and land use (So?a [natural flow regime, 12% grassland area] and Urbach [mean annual discharge reduction by 30% due to water abstraction, 69% grassland area]). In situ respiration (R) was measured, and ETSA–R ratios were calculated to examine differences in exploitation intensity of the overall respiratory capacity among floodplain habitats and seasons. ETSA and R provided potential and actual estimates, respectively, of organic matter mineralization in the different floodplain habitats. Hierarchical linear regression across habitat types showed that organic matter, grain sizes <0.063 mm, and water content were the most important predictors of ETSA in both floodplains, and grain sizes 2–0.063 and >8 mm were also highly important for the So?a floodplain. The combination of ETSA and R measurements conducted in contrasting floodplains increased our understanding of the relationships between floodplain habitat heterogeneity, organic matter mineralization and human impacts, that is, structural–functional linkages in floodplains. These data are integral towards predicting changes in floodplain function in response to environmental alterations from increasing human pressures and environmental change.     

十红滩铀矿床地下水中的气体在成矿过程中的作用

十红滩铀矿床地下水中的气体成分主要是N2、O2,为大气降水成因,地下水中含有的对铀还原成矿非常有利的强还原性气体CH4、H2在矿床成矿过程中发挥了重要作用。气体中He、Ar组成表明,自1．33Ma以来该矿床在地下水的作用下一直处于发展演化过程中。     

What can gene flow and recruitment dynamics tell us about connectivity between European hake stocks in the Eastern North Atlantic?

Systematic genetic analyses of fish populations allow the testing of temporal stability in their genetic structures and better understanding their pattern of connectivity. In this study the pattern of gene flow between the two Atlantic stocks of the European hake has been examined for the period 2000-2002. Present analyses indicate that a large genetic homogeneity existed among all Atlantic populations in that period, and that a systematic grouping occurred between Porcupine Bank samples and Cantabric ones. This scenario is congruent with an inter-annual gene flow from central grounds of the northern stock (Porcupine and Great Sole) to Iberian grounds inhabited by the southern stock. Additionally, estimated migration figures were in agreement with the good recruitments observed in the southern stock after 2003 despite the spawning biomass was at its historical minimum. Altogether these results highlight the central role of Porcupine bank and Great Sole in making sustainable both stocks and advocate the integrative management of this hake fishery by means of a multidisciplinary assessment.     

海洋新菌的分类与鉴定方法

细菌的分类鉴定与细菌的研究和应用有着同等重要的地位。目前从自然界中可以培养的细菌总量不到1%,大多数海洋细菌的分类鉴定仍需建立在纯培养基础上。本文对目前可培养海洋细菌的分类鉴定方法做了系统的综述,详述了系统发生树的构建,汇总了生理生化分类特征,概述了主要的遗传学分析方法,包括16S rDNA序列分析,G+C含量测定,DNA-DNA杂交,MLST(多位点序列分型,Multi Locus Sequence Typing)以及核酸指纹图谱等,并指出每种方法适用的范围以及应用时需要注意的事项。另外,本文还提出了新菌分类鉴定的一般步骤。文章最后对目前海洋细菌分类鉴定的发展趋势进行了总结和展望。